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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where do plants primarily live?
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Land
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Where did plants evolve from?
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(Green algal) Chara and Coleochaete and close relatives charophyceans protists most related to ancestors of plants.
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What is the equation for photosynthesis?
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6CO2 + 12H2O + light energy => 6CO2+ 6O2 + 6H2O
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What do plants store excess carbohydrates as?
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Starch
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What do cell walls contain?
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Cellulose
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How are charophyceans similar to land plants?
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1.formation of cell plate during cytokinesis
2. Plasmodesmata 3. Sexual reproduction using sperm and egg 4. Chorophylls a and b, carotenes and xanthophylls 5. carbs as starch 6. cellulose in cell wall |
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What are apical meristems?
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One or more dividing cells that occur at growing tips
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What are the distinictive features of land plants?
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1. Adaptations to land habitat
2. Bodies composed of 3D tissues 3. Tissues arise from apical meristems 4. Able to produce thick, robust bodies 5. Tissues and organs with specialized functions 6. Distinictive reproduction features |
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What are the four major groups of plants living today?
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1. Nonvascular plants- Bryophytes
2. Seedless vascular plants- ferns 3. Vascular plants with naked seeds (Gymnosperms, conifers) 4. Vascular plants with protected seeds (Angiosperms, flowering plants) |
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What are Bryophytes? Give examples.
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Nonvasuclar plants that include liverworts, mosses and hornworts
Earliest plants. Forms a monophyletic phyla. |
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How are Charophycean and Bryophytes different?
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Charophycean algae display a zygotic life cycle while the Bryophytes exhibit a sporic life cycle with alternation of gerneration.
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What is Alternation of Gernerations?
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Life cycle includes sexual reproduction between a diploid sporophyte and a haploid gametophyte
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Sporophytes develop from what and produce what?
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They develop from zygotes and produce sporocytes
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What is fertilization?
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Fusion of gametes
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What type of life cycle do charophycean algae display?
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Zygotic Life Cycle
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Why is multicellular diploid sporophyte generation advantageous for land?
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Allows a single plant to disperse widely by using meiosis to produce variable haploid spores.(Each spore has the potential to grow into a gametophyte)
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What generation in bryophytes is the cell photosynthetic?
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Gametophyte generation
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How are gametophytes produced?
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By mitosis
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What is gametangia 's function?
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Protects developing gametes from drying out and microbial attack.
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What are the two types of gametangia?
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Antheridia (round or elongate gametangia producing sperm)
Archegonia(flask shaped gametangia enclosing an egg) |
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What do zygotes grow into?
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Sporophytes
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What is matrotrophy?
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Zygotes that remain sheltered and fed within gametophyte tissue.
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What is sporangia?
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Spores are produced in protective enclosures.
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Why do plant spore cell walls contain sporopollenin?
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Helps prevent cellular damage during the transport in air.
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What are the ditinguishing bryophyte features?
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1.Gametophytes are the dominant generation
2. Sporophytes are dependent on gametophytes. 3. Nonvascular or lacking tissues for structural support and conduction |
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What Lycophytes and Pteridophytes?
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1. Vascular plants that do not produce seeds.
2. Vascular tissue allows most of these plants to grow taller and produce more spores that bryophytes. |
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What is the oldest phylum of living vascular plants?
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Lycophytes
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What are some examples of Pteridophytes?
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Horsetails, whisk ferns and other ferns
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What are megaphylls?
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Leaves with branching veins( Pterophyta)
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What is a fiddlehead? (Pterophyta)
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Fronds first appear coiled in crozier and then unroll and expand
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Where is the sporangia located on Pterophta?
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Lower leaf surface, confined to margins, or found in discrete clusters called sori
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What is sori?
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Clusters of sporangia
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What is indusia?
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Thin, individual flaps of colorless tissue that protects sori.
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What is annulus?
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Captapults pores out of the sporangium with a distinct snapping action influenced by changes in moisture in the cells
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In Pterophyta, where does meiosis form spores?
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In the sporangia
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What are prothalli?
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When spores are released and grow into gametophytes. Prothalli are one cell thick and have archegonia and antheridia.
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What are lycophytes, pteridophytes and seed-producing plants known as?
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Tracheophytes
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What is the function of tracheids?
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Water and mineral conduction and structural support
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What are stems?
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1.Branching structures that contain vascular tissue and produce leaves and sporangia.
2. Produce food via photosynthesis 3. Store starch and water |
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What is the function of phloem?
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Conducts carbohydrates and hormones from the leaves to other parts of the plant
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What is the function of xylem?
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Conducts water and minerals from the roots to the leaves. Contains tracheids and lignin.
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What are the function of roots?
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1.Organs specialized for uptake of water and minerals from the soil
2. Anchor the plant in the soil 3. Store food |
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What are the function of leaves?
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1. Photosynthesis
2. Exchange of gases |
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What are adaptations that foster stable internal water content?
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1.Waxy cuticle present on most surfaces of vascular plant sporophytes
2. Surface tissue of stems and leaves contain stomata |
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What does cuticle contain?
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Cuitin and wax
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What is the function of cutin?
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Helps prevent pathogen attack
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What is the function of wax?
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Helps prevent dessication (extreme drying)
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What is stomata?
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Pores that open and close to allow gas exchange while minimizing water loss
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What are the function of seeds?
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1. Protect and provide energy for embryos
2. Contain a multicellular, well-developed young plant with embryonic root, stem, and leaves already formed. 3. Can live for an extended period of time |
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What are flowers?
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1. Short stems bearing organs that are specialized to enhance seed production
2. Reproductive structures 3. Fertilization results in a fruit |
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What is a fruit?
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Develop from flowers and enclose the seed and foster seed dispersal
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What is an endosperm?
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Nutritive seed tissue with increased food storage efficiency
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What are the three steps to plants conquering land?
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1. First land plants arise from ancestors shared with aquatic charophycean algae and begin to adapt to terrestrial habitats.
2. Seedless plants transform Earth's ecology 3. Ancient cataclysm led to the diversification of modern angiosperm lineages. |
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What are the characteristics of the first plants?
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1. Sporic life cycle, embryo, sporopollenin-walled spores, tissue-producing apical meristem, gametangia, sporangia, xyloglucans in cell wall
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How did seedless plants transform Earth's ecology?
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1. Liverworts and mosses produce decay-resistant body tissues
2. Seedless plants changed Earth's ecology by enriching the soil and changing the atmospheric chemistry, and climate |
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What are the critical innovations in plant evolution?
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Embryos, leaves, and seeds
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What is the importance of the embryo?
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Plant embryos are young sporophytes that develop from zygotes and enclosed by maternal tissues that provide sustenance
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What are three features of plant embryos?
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1.Multicellular and diploid
2. Zygotes and embryos retained in maternal tissue 3. Depends on organic and mineral materials supplied by mother plant (placental transfer tissues) |
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What are placental transfer tissues?
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Aids in the transfer of nutrients from mother to embryo
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What are the simplest and most ancient leaves?
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Lycophylls or microphylls (Tiny leaves that have only one single unbranched vein
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What are vascular plants that have leaves with extensively branched veins called?
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Euphylls or megaphylls
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What is ovule?
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1.Sporangium with a single spore that develops into a very small egg-producing gametophyte.
2.Enclosed by integuments |
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Seed plants produce 2 distinct types of spores in 2 different types of sporangia. What are they?
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1.Microspores in microsporangia
2. Megaspores in megasporangia |
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What are tges of the ecological advantages of seeds?
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1. Able to remain dormant in the soil for long periods until conditions become favorable
2. Adaptations to improve dispersal 3. Can store considerable amounts of food 4. Sperm can reach egg without having to swim through water |
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What is the evidence that plants are thought to have evolved from the green algae?
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Charophyceans have several derived traits with land plants.
1. Distinctive form of cytokinesis 2. Plasmodesmata 3. Sexual reproduction using egg and smaller sperm 4. Both contain the same photosynthetic pigments 5. Store excess carbohydrates as starch 6. Cellulose is a major component of cell wall |
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What are the 10 plant phyla?
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1. Liverworts( Hepatophyta)
2. Mosses (Bryophyta) 3. Hornworts (Anthocerophyta) 4. Lycophytes (Lycophyta) 5. Pteridophytes(Pteridophyta) 6. Cycads (Cycadophyta) 7. Ginkgos(Ginkgophyta) 8. Conifers (Coniferophyta) 9. Gnetophytes (Gnetophyta) 10. Angiosperms (Anthophyta) |
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How did plants overcome the terrestrial environment?
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Sporic life cycle with alternation of generations.
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What is the life cycle of a moss?
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Alternation of generations
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What is the fern life cycle?
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Alternation of generations however has antheridium, archegonium, fiddlehead, among other things.
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