Plants & Animals

Front 1

groundwater (n)

Back 1

water that is found under the ground in soil, rocks, etc.

= Grundwasser

Front 2

dive (v)

('daif)

Back 2

1) to jump into water with your head and arms going first
e.g. we dived into the river to cool off
= ins Wasser springen

2) to swim underwater wearing breathing equipment, collecting or looking at things
e.g. to dive for pearls
= tauchen

3) to go to a deeper level underwater

4) to go steeply down through the air (birds, aircraft)
e.g. The seagulls (=Möven) soared then dived.

5) to fall suddenly (prices)
SYN: to plunge
e.g. the share price dived from 49p to an all-time low of 40p

6) to move or jump quickly in a particular direction, especially to avoid sth, to try to catch a ball, etc.
e.g. We heard an explosion and dived for cover (= got into a place where we would be protected)
e.g. The goalie dived for the ball, but missed it

Front 3

PHRASAL VERBS

to dive into sth

Back 3

(informal)
to put your hand quickly into sth such as a bag or pocket
e.g. she dived into her bag and took out a couple of coins.

Front 4

lettuce (n)

('letis)

Back 4

= (Kopf)Salat
a plant with large green leaves that are eaten raw, especially in salad. There are many types of lettuce
e.g. a bacon, lettuce and tomato sandwich

Front 5

irrigate (v)

('irigeit)

Back 5

= bewässern
1) to supply water to an area of land through pipes or channels so that crops will grow
e.g irrigated land / crops

2) (medical) to wash out a wound or part of the body with a flow of water or liquid
= ausspülen

Front 6

irrigation (n)

Back 6

1) Bewässerung

2) (medicine) (Darm)Spülung

Front 7

precious (adj)

('presches)

Back 7

1) rare and worth a lot of money
e.g a precious vase

2) valuable or important and not to be wasted
e.g. Clean water is a precious commodity in that part of the world

3) loved or valued very much

4) [only before noun] (informal) used to show you are angry that another person thinks sth is very important

5) (disapproving) (especially of people and their behaviour) very formal, exaggerated and not natural in what you say and do

Front 8

aquifer (n)

('akwifer)

Back 8

(geology) a layer of rock or soil (=Boden) that can absorb and hold water

Front 9

orbit (n)

to orbit (v)

Back 9

noun:

1) a curved path followed by a planet or an object as it moves around another planet, star, moon, etc.
e.g. the earth’s orbit around the sun
e.g. A new satellite has been put into orbit around the earth
= Umlauf, Umlaufbahn

2) an area that a particular person, organization, etc. deals with or is able to influence
= Machtbereich, Einflussbereich

verb:
1) to orbit (around sth)
o move in an orbit (= a curved path) around a much larger object, especially a planet, star, etc
e.g. The earth takes a year to orbit the sun
= umkreisen

Front 10

melt (v)

Back 10

1) to become or make sth become liquid as a result of heating
e.g. The snow showed no sign of melting
e.g. The sun had melted the snow
= schmelzen

2) to become or to make a feeling, an emotion, etc. become gentler and less strong
e.g. The tension (=Spannung) in the room began to melt

Front 11

IDIOMS

to melt in your mouth

Back 11

(of food) to be soft and very good to eat

= auf der Zunge zergehen

Front 12

crop (n)

Back 12

1) (plants for food)
a plant that is grown in large quantities, especially as food
e.g. Sugar is an important crop on the island
e.g. crop rotation / production / yield
= Nutzpflanze, Getreide

2) the amount of grain, fruit, etc. that is grown in one season
SYN: harvest
= Ernte

3) (group of people)
a group of people who do sth at the same time; a number of things that happen at the same time
e.g. She is really the cream of the crop (= the best in her group)

5) (hair)
a very short hairstyle

6) (bird)
(technical) a part of a bird’s throat shaped like a bag where food is stored before it passes into the stomach
= Kehlsack

Front 13

seep down (v)

Back 13

nach unten sickern
e.g. rainfall and melted snow seep down into the groundwater system

Front 14

drought (n)

('draut)

Back 14

a long period of time when there is little or no rain
e.g. two years of severe drought
= Dürre, Trockenheit

Front 15

well (n)

Back 15

1) a deep hole in the ground from which people obtain water. The sides of wells are usually covered with brick or stone and there is usually some covering or a small wall at the top of the well
= Brunnen

2) a narrow space in a building that drops down from a high to a low level and usually contains stairs or a lift / elevator

3) (BrE) the space in front of the judge in a court, where the lawyers sit

Front 16

drill (v)

Back 16

1) to make a hole in sth, using a drill
e.g. They’re drilling for oil off the Irish coast
= bohren

2) drill sb (in sth)
to teach sb to do sth by making them repeat it a lot of times
e.g. drill sb (in sth) to teach sb to do sth by making them repeat it a lot of times

3) to train soldiers to perform military actions

Front 17

detect (v)

Back 17

to discover or notice sth, especially sth that is not easy to see, hear, etc.
e.g. The tests are designed to detect the disease early
= feststellen, aufspüren, entdecken

Front 18

barren land (n)

Back 18

= Kahlgebiet, Ödland
(of land or soil) not good enough for plants to grow on it
e.g. a barren landscape (= one that is empty, with few plants)

Front 19

elevation (n)

Back 19

1) (formal) the process of sb getting a higher or more important rank
e.g. his elevation to the presidency (=Präsidentschaft)

2) (technical) the height of a place, especially its height above sea level
e.g. The city is at an elevation of 2 000 metres
= Höhe (über Meer)

3) (formal) a piece of ground that is higher than the area around
= Erhebung

4) (architecture) one side of a building, or a drawing of this by an architect
e.g. he front / rear / side elevation of a house
= Ansicht

5) (technical) an increase in the level or amount of sth
e.g. elevation of blood sugar levels

Front 20

lush (adj)

('lasch)

Back 20

1) of plants, gardens, etc.) growing thickly and strongly in a way that is attractive; covered in healthy grass and plants
SYN: luxuriant
e.g. lush vegetation
e.g. the lush green countryside

2) beautiful and making you feel pleasure; seeming expensive
e.g. a lush apartment

Front 21

sprinkler (n)

Back 21

1) a device with holes in that is used to spray water in drops on plants, soil or grass

2) a device inside a building which automatically sprays out water if there is a rise in temperature because of a fire

Front 22

arid (adj)

('arid)

Back 22

1) (of land or a climate) having little or no rain; very dry
e.g. arid and semi-arid deserts
= trocken, ausgedörrt, öde

2) (formal) with nothing new or interesting in it
e.g. an arid discussion

Front 23

patch (n)

('patsch)

Back 23

1) a small area of sth, especially one which is different from the area around it
e.g. a black dog with a white patch on its back

2) a small piece of material that is used to cover a hole in sth or to make a weak area stronger, or as decoration
e.g. I sewed patches on the knees of my jeans

3) a piece of material that you wear over an eye, usually because the eye is damaged
e.g. He had a black patch over one eye

4) a small piece of land, especially one used for growing vegetables or fruit
e.g. a vegetable patch

5) (BrE, informal) an area that sb works in, knows well or comes from
e.g. He knows every house in his patch

Front 24

vegetated (adj)

('vetschitäitid)

Back 24

having the amount of plant life mentioned

= bewachsen, vegetiert

Front 25

unmanned (adj)

('an'mänd)

Back 25

if a machine, a vehicle, a place or an activity is unmanned, it does not have or need a person to control or operate it
OPP = manned
e.g. an unmanned spacecraft
e.g. an unmanned Mars mission

Front 26

aerial (adj)

('äriel)

Back 26

1) from a plane
e.g. aerial attacks / bombardment / photography
e.g. an aerial view of Palm Island

2) in the air; existing above the ground
e.g. The banyan tree has aerial roots

Front 27

seal (n)

Back 27

1) an official design or mark, stamped on a document to show that it is genuine and carries the authority of a particular person or organization
e.g. The letter bore the president’s seal
= Siegel, Stempel

2) a thing that makes sth definite
e.g. The project has been given the government’s seal of approval (= official approval)

3) a substance, strip of material, etc. used to fill a crack so that air, liquid, etc. cannot get in or out
e.g. a jar with a rubber seal in the lid
e.g. Only drink bottled water and check the seal isn’t broken
= Verschluss, Abdichtung

4) a piece of wax (= a soft substance produced by bees), soft metal or paper that is placed across the opening of sth such as a letter or box and which has to be broken before the letter or box can be opened
e.g. He broke the wax seal and unrolled the paper

5) a piece of metal, a ring, etc. with a design on it, used for stamping a wax or metal seal

6) a sea animal that eats fish and lives around coasts. There are many types of seal, some of which are hunted for their fur (=Pelz, Fell)
e.g. grey seals basking on the rocks
= Seehund

Front 28

ice floe (n)

Back 28

a large area of ice, floating in the sea

Front 29

remote (adj)

Back 29

1) remote (from sth) far away from places where other people live
SYN = isolated
e.g. a remote beach
e.g. one of the remotest areas of the world

2) [only before noun] far away in time
e.g. in the remote past / future

3) [only before noun] (of people) not closely related
e.g. a remote cousin
SYN = distant

4) that you can connect to from far away, using an electronic link
e.g. a remote terminal / database

5) remote (from sth) very different from sth
e.g. His theories are somewhat remote from reality

6) (of people or their behaviour) not very friendly or interested in other people

7) not very great
e.g. There is still a remote chance that they will find her alive

Front 30

terrestrial (adj)

Back 30

1) (technical) (of animals and plants) living on the land or on the ground, rather than in water, in trees or in the air

2) connected with the planet Earth
e.g. terrestrial life

3) (of television and broadcasting systems) operating on earth rather than from a satellite

Front 31

mammal (n)

('mämel)

Back 31

any animal that gives birth to live babies, not eggs, and feeds its young on milk. Cows, humans and whales are all mammals

= Säugetier

Front 32

predator (n)

('predetor)

Back 32

1) an animal that kills and eats other animals
e.g. the relationship between predator (=Raubtier) and prey (=Beutetier)

2) (disapproving) a person or an organization that uses weaker people for their own advantage
e.g. o protect domestic industry from foreign predators

Front 33

wingspan (n)

Back 33

the distance between the end of one wing and the end of the other when the wings are fully stretched
e.g. a bird with a two-foot wingspan
= Flügelspannweite

Front 34

extent (n)

Back 34

1) how large, important, serious, etc. sth is
e.g. It is difficult to assess the full extent of the damage
= Ausmass, Umfang

2) the physical size of an area
e.g. You can’t see the full extent of the beach from here
= Grösse, Umfang, Weite

Front 35

eager (adj)

Back 35

eager (for sth / to do sth) very interested and excited by sth that is going to happen or about sth that you want to do
SYN = keen
e.g. eager crowds outside the stadium
e.g. She is eager for (= wants very much to get) her parents' approval
e.g. Everyone in the class seemed eager to learn
= eifrig, bereitwillig, verbissen

Front 36

whelp (n)

to whelp (v)

Back 36

noun:
(technical) a young animal of the dog family; a puppy or cub

verb:
(formal) (of a female dog) to give birth to a puppy or puppies

Front 37

snow cave (n)

Back 37

= Schneehöhle

Front 38

cave (n)

Back 38

a large hole in the side of a hill or under the ground
e.g. the mouth (= the entrance) of the cave
e.g. a cave-dweller (= a person who lives in a cave)

Front 39

longevity (n)

(lon'tschäveti)

Back 39

(formal) long life; the fact of lasting a long time

e.g. We wish you both health and longevity
e.g. He prides himself on the longevity of the company

= Langlebigkeit
= Dauerhaftigkeit

Front 40

breakthrough (n)

Back 40

an important development that may lead to an agreement or achievement
e.g. to make / achieve a breakthrough
e.g. a significant breakthrough in negotiations
e.g. a major breakthrough in cancer research

= Durchbruch

Front 41

extract (v)

Back 41

1) to remove or obtain a substance from sth, for example by using an industrial or a chemical process
e.g. a machine that extracts excess moisture from the air
= entnehmen, gewinnen

2) o obtain information, money, etc., often by taking it from sb who is unwilling to give it
e.g. Journalists managed to extract all kinds of information about her private life
= entnehmen, gewinnen

3) to choose information, etc. from a book, a computer, etc. to be used for a particular purpose
e.g. This article is extracted from his new book
= entnehmen

4) (formal or technical) to take or pull sth out, especially when this needs force or effort
e.g. The dentist may decide that the wisdom teeth need to be extracted
= heraus ziehen

5) (formal) to get a particular feeling or quality from a situation
SYN = to derive
e.g. They are unlikely to extract much benefit from the trip
= gewinnen, entnehmen

Front 42

onward (adj)

Back 42

[only before noun] (formal) continuing or moving forward
e.g. Ticket prices include your flight and onward rail journey

= vorwärts

Front 43

upward (adj)

Back 43

1) pointing towards or facing a higher place
e.g. an upward gaze

2) increasing in amount or price
e.g. an upward movement in property prices
OPP = downward

= aufwärts

Front 44

lab (n)

Back 44

(informal) = laboratory:

e.g. science labs

= Labor

Front 45

percolate (v)

('perkoleit)

Back 45

1) (of a liquid, gas, etc.) to move gradually through a surface that has very small holes or spaces in it
e.g. Water had percolated down through the rocks
= durchsickern

2) to gradually become known or spread through a group or society
e.g. It had percolated through to us that something interesting was about to happen
= durchsickern, sich ausbreiten

3) to make coffee in a percolator; to be made in this way

Front 46

bacteria (n) ) = Plural
bacterium (n) = Singular

('baktiria)

Back 46

the simplest and smallest forms of life. Bacteria exist in large numbers in air, water and soil, and also in living and dead creatures and plants, and are often a cause of disease

Front 47

hydrogen (n)

('heidrotschen)

Back 47

(symb H) a chemical element. Hydrogen is a gas that is the lightest of all the elements. It combines with oxygen (=Sauerstoff) to form water

= Wasserstoff

Front 48

endowment (n)

('indaument)

Back 48

1) money that is given to a school, a college or another institution to provide it with an income; the act of giving this money
= Schenkung

2) (formal) a quality or an ability that you are born with
= Talent, Begabung

Front 49

microbe (n)

('maikroub)

Back 49

an extremely small living thing that you can only see under a microscope and that may cause disease

Front 50

by-product (n)

Back 50

1) a substance that is produced during the process of making or destroying sth else
e.g. When burnt, plastic produces dangerous by-products

2) a thing that happens, often unexpectedly, as the result of sth else
e.g. One of the by-products of unemployment is an increase in crime

Front 51

feat (n)

Back 51

(approving) an action or a piece of work that needs skill, strength or courage
e.g. The tunnel is a brilliant feat of engineering

Front 52

ancient (adj)

('entschent)

Back 52

1) belonging to a period of history that is thousands of years in the past
OPP = modern
e.g. ancient history / civilization
e.g. ancient Greece

2) very old; having existed for a very long time
e.g. an ancient oak tree (=Eichenbaum)

3) the ancients noun [pl.] the people who lived in ancient times, especially the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans

Front 53

self-reliant (adj)

Back 53

able to do or decide things by yourself, rather than depending on other people for help
SYN = independent
= selbständig, eigenverantwortlich

Front 54

strain (n)

Back 54

1) pressure on sb/sth because they have too much to do or manage, or sth very difficult to deal with; the problems, worry or anxiety that this produces
e.g. Their marriage is under great strain at the moment
e.g. These repayments are putting a strain on our finances
= Anpassung, Belastung, Druck, Strapaze

2) the pressure that is put on sth when a physical force stretches, pushes, or pulls it
e.g. You should try not to place too much strain on muscles and joints

3) an injury to a part of your body, such as a muscle, that is caused by using it too much or by twisting it
= Zerrung

4) a particular type of plant or animal, or of a disease caused by bacteria, etc
e.g. a new strain of mosquitoes resistant to the poison
e.g. This is only one of the many strains of the disease
= Stamm, Erregerstamm

5) a particular tendency in the character of a person or group, or a quality in their manner
e.g. He had a definite strain of snobbery in him
= Veranlagung

6) (formal) the sound of music being played or sung
e.g. She could hear the strains of Mozart through the window

Front 55

rare (adj)

('räir)

Back 55

1) rare (for sb/sth to do sth) | rare (to do sth)
not done, seen, happening, etc. very often
e.g. a rare disease / occurrence / sight
e.g. It’s extremely rare for it to be this hot in April

2) existing only in small numbers and therefore valuable or interesting
e.g. a rare book / coin / stamp

3) (of meat) cooked for only a short time so that the inside is still red
= blutig

Front 56

accomplish (v)

(a'komplisch)

Back 56

to succeed in doing or completing sth
SYN = to achieve
e.g. The first part of the plan has been safely accomplished
e.g. I don’t feel I’ve accomplished very much today
e.g. That’s it. Mission accomplished (= we have done what we aimed to do)

Front 57

metabolize (v)

(me'tabolais)

Back 57

(biology) to turn food, minerals, etc. in the body into new cells, energy and waste products by means of chemical processes

= verstoffwechseln, umwandeln, metabolisieren

Front 58

clue (n)

Back 58

1) clue (to sth) an object, a piece of evidence or some information that helps the police solve a crime
e.g. The police think the videotape may hold some vital clues to the identity of the killer
= Indiz, Beweisstück

2) clue (to sth) a fact or a piece of evidence that helps you discover the answer to a problem
e.g. Diet may hold the clue to the causes of migraine
= Schlüssel, Indiz

3) some words or a piece of information that helps you find the answers to a crossword, a game or a question
e.g. You’ll never guess who I saw today!’ ‘Give me a clue.’
= Hinweis, Anhaltspunkt

Front 59

IDIOMS

to not have a clue (informal)

Back 59

1) to know nothing about sth or about how to do sth
e.g. I don’t have a clue where she lives

2) (disapproving) to be very stupid
e.g. Don’t ask him to do it—he doesn’t have a clue

Front 60

cue (n)

Back 60

1) ~ (for sth) | ~ (to do sth)
an action or event that is a signal for sb to do sth
e.g. Jon’s arrival was a cue for more champagne
e.g. I think that’s my cue to explain why I’m here
= Signal, Hinweis, Aufruf

2) a few words or an action in a play that is a signal for another actor to do sth
e.g. She stood in the wings and waited for her cue to go on
= Signal, Aufruf, Stichwort, Hinweis

3) a long wooden stick with a leather tip, used for hitting the ball in the games of billiards, pool and snooker
=Queue

Front 61

solitary (adj)

('solitri)

Back 61

1) [usually before noun] done alone; without other people
e.g. She enjoys long solitary walks

2) (of a person or an animal) enjoying being alone; frequently spending time alone
e.g. He was a solitary child
e.g. Tigers are solitary animals

3) (of a person, thing or place) alone, with no other people or things around
e.g. a solitary farm
e.g. A solitary light burned dimly in the hall
SYN = single

4) [usually before noun] (especially in negative sentences and questions) only one
e.g. There was not a solitary shred of evidence (= none at all)
SYN = single

solitariness = noun

Front 62

confinement (n)

Back 62

1) the state of being forced to stay in a closed space, prison, etc., the act of putting sb there
e.g. her confinement to a wheelchair
e.g. years of confinement as a political prisoner
= Haft, Beschränkung, Einengung, Gebundenheit

2) (formal or old-fashioned) the time when a woman gives birth to a baby
e.g. the expected date of confinement

Front 63

solitary confinement

Back 63

= Einzelhaft, Isolation

Front 64

incubate (v)

('inkjubäit)

Back 64

1) (of a bird) to sit on its eggs in order to keep them warm until they hatch
= brüten

2) (biology) to keep cells, bacteria, etc. at a suitable temperature so that they develop

3) be incubating sth (medical) to have an infectious disease developing inside you before symptoms (= signs of illness) appear
= inkubieren (--> Inkubationszeit)

4) (medical) (of a disease) to develop slowly without showing any signs

Front 65

respire (v)

Back 65

(technical) to breathe

= atmen

Front 66

lab coat (n)

Back 66

= Laborkittel

Front 67

sleeve (n)

Back 67

1) a part of a piece of clothing that covers all or part of your arm
e.g. a dress with short / long sleeves
e.g. Dan rolled up his sleeves and washed his hands
= Ärmel

2) a tube that covers a part of a machine to protect it

Front 68

starvation (n)

Back 68

the state of suffering and death caused by having no food
e.g. to die of / from starvation
e.g. Millions will face starvation next year as a result of the drought
e.g. a starvation diet (= one in which you do not have much to eat)
e.g. hey were on starvation wages (= extremely low wages)

= Hunger, Hungersnot, Hungertod

Front 69

additive (n)

('aditiv)

Back 69

a substance that is added in small amounts to sth, especially food, in order to improve it, give it colour, make it last longer, etc.
e.g. food additives
e.g. additive-free orange juice
e.g. chemical additives in petrol

= Zusatz, Zusatzstoff

Front 70

density (n)

Back 70

1) the quality of being dense; the degree to which sth is dense
e.g. population density
e.g. low density forest
= Dichte

2) (physics) the thickness of a solid, liquid or gas measured by its mass per unit of volume
e.g. the density of a gas
= Dichtigkeit, Dichte

3) (computing) the amount of space available on a disk for recording data
e.g. a high / double density floppy
= Speicherkapazität

Front 71

intrigue (v) / (n)

(in'triig)

Back 71

verb:

1) [often passive] to make sb very interested and want to know more about sth
e.g. You’ve really intrigued me—tell me more!
= neugierig machen

2) intrigue (with sb) (against sb) (formal)
to secretly plan with other people to harm sb
= Intrige planen

noun:

1) the activity of making secret plans in order to achieve an aim, often by tricking people
e.g. political intrigue
= Intrige

2) a secret plan or relationship, especially one which involves sb else being tricked
e.g. I soon learnt about all the intrigues and scandals that went on in the little town
= Machenschaft

3) the atmosphere of interest and excitement that surrounds sth secret or important

Front 72

ingenuity (n)

(insche'njuiti)

Back 72

the ability to invent things or solve problems in clever new ways

SYN = inventiveness

= Einfallsreichtum, Genialität

Front 73

wasteproduct (n)

Back 73

a useless material or substance produced while making sth else

= Abfallprodukt

Front 74

IDIOMS

bang for your buck

Back 74

(NAmE, informal) if you get more, better, etc. bang for your buck, you get better value for the money you spend or the effort you put in to sth

e.g. they give you a lot of bang for your buck

Front 75

cramped (adj)

('krempt)

Back 75

1) a cramped room, etc. does not have enough space for the people in it
e.g. working in cramped conditions
= eingeengt

2) (of people) not having room to move freely
= eingeengt

3) (of sb’s writing) with small letters close together and therefore difficult to read

Front 76

flask (n)

('flaask)

Back 76

1) a bottle with a narrow top, used in scientific work for mixing or storing chemicals

Front 77

feast (v)

('fiist)

Back 77

feast (on sth) to eat a large amount of food, with great enjoyment

= schlemmen

Front 78

widespread (adj)

Back 78

existing or happening over a large area or among many people
e.g. widespread damage
e.g. The plan received widespread support throughout the country

Front 79

illuminate (v)

(i'luminäit)

Back 79

1) to shine light on sth
e.g. Floodlights illuminated the stadium

2) (formal) to make sth clearer or easier to understand
SYN = to clarify
eg. This text illuminates the philosopher’s early thinking

3) to decorate a street, building, etc. with bright lights for a special occasion

4) (literary) to make a person’s face, etc. seem bright and excited
e.g. Her smile illuminated her entire being.

Front 80

digest (v)

(dai'tschest)

Back 80

1) when you digest food, or it digests, it is changed into substances that your body can use
e.g. Humans cannot digest plants such as grass
= verdauen

2) to think about sth so that you fully understand it
e.g. He paused, waiting for her to digest the information
= verarbeiten, durchdenken

Front 81

inherit (v)

(in'herit)

Back 81

1) to receive money, property, etc. from sb when they die
e.g. She inherited a fortune from her father
= erben

2) to have qualities, physical features, etc. that are similar to those of your parents, grandparents, etc.
e.g. He has inherited his mother’s patience
= erben

3) if you inherit a particular situation from sb, you are now responsible for dealing with it, especially because you have replaced that person in their job
e.g. policies inherited from the previous administration

Front 82

gene (n)

('tschiin)

Back 82

(biology) a unit inside a cell which controls a particular quality in a living thing that has been passed on from its parents
e.g. a dominant / recessive gene
e.g. genes that code for the colour of the eyes

Front 83

IDIOMS

to be in the genes

Back 83

to be a quality that your parents have passed on to you
e.g. I’ve always enjoyed music—it’s in the genes.

Front 84

repress (v)

Back 84

1) to try not to have or show an emotion, a feeling, etc.
SYN = to control
e.g. to repress a smile
= unterdrücken, verdrängen

2) [often passive] to use political and/or military force to control a group of people and restrict their freedom
= unterdrücken

Front 85

fruit fly (n)

Back 85

Fruchtfliege

Front 86

embryonic (adj)

(embri'onik)

Back 86

1) (formal) in an early stage of development
e.g. The plan, as yet, only exists in embryonic form

2) (technical) of an embryo
e.g. embryonic cells

Front 87

irreversible (adj)

(iri'versibl)

Back 87

that cannot be changed back to what it was before
e.g. an irreversible change / decline / decision
OPP = reversible

= unumkehrbar, unwiderruflich

Front 88

cancerous (adj)

Back 88

= krebsartig

Front 89

impede (v)

(im'piid)

Back 89

[often passive] (formal) to delay or stop the progress of sth

SYN = to hinder
SYN = to hamper

e.g. Work on the building was impeded by severe weather.

= behindern, erschweren

Front 90

proliferation (n)

Back 90

the sudden increase in the number or amount of sth; a large number of a particular thing

e.g. attempts to prevent cancer cell proliferation
e.g. a proliferation of personal computers

= Ausbreitung, Vermehrung

Front 91

tissue (n)

Back 91

a collection of cells that form the different parts of humans, animals and plants
e.g. muscle / brain / nerve, etc. tissue
= Gewebe

2) a piece of soft paper that absorbs liquids, used especially as a handkerchief
e.g. a box of tissues

3) very thin paper used for wrapping and packing things that break easily

Front 92

fly (n) (sing)
flies (n) (pl)

Back 92

Fliege, Fliegen

Front 93

govern (v)

('gawern)

Back 93

1) to legally control a country or its people and be responsible for introducing new laws, organizing public services, etc.
e.g. The country is governed by elected representatives of the people
= regieren

2) [often passive] to control or influence sb/sth or how sth happens, functions, etc
e.g. Prices are governed by market demand
= steuern, leiten

3) (grammar) if a word governs another word or phrase, it affects how that word or phrase is formed or used

Front 94

societal (adj)

(so'saietel)

Back 94

[only before noun] (technical) connected with society and the way it is organized

= gesellschaftlich

Front 95

solely (adj)

('souli)

Back 95

only; not involving sb/sth else

e.g. She was motivated solely by self-interest
e.g. Selection is based solely on merit

Front 96

livestock (n)

Back 96

the animals kept on a farm, for example cows or sheep

Front 97

reverse (v)

Back 97

1) to change sth completely so that it is the opposite of what it was before
e.g. to reverse a procedure / process / trend

2) to change a previous decision, law, etc. to the opposite one
e.g. The Court of Appeal reversed the decision

3) to turn sth the opposite way around or change the order of sth around
e.g. Writing is reversed in a mirror
e.g. ou should reverse the order of these pages

4) to exchange the positions or functions of two things
e.g. It felt as if we had reversed our roles of parent and child

5) (especially BrE) when a vehicle or its driver reverses or the driver reverses a vehicle, the vehicle goes backwards
e.g. Now reverse the car

6) reverse (the) charges (BrE) to make a telephone call that will be paid for by the person you are calling, not by you
e.g. I want to reverse the charges, please

Front 98

habitat (n)

('habitat)

Back 98

the place where a particular type of animal or plant is normally found

e.g. The panda’s natural habitat is the bamboo forest

e.g. the destruction of wildlife habitat

Front 99

predation (n)

(pri'däischn)

Back 99

(technical) the act of an animal killing and eating other animals

Front 100

man-made (adj)

Back 100

made by people; not natural
SYN = artificial

e.g. a man-made lake
e.g. man-made fibres such as nylon and polyester

Front 101

mortality (n)

(mor'täliti)

Back 101

1) the state of being human and not living for ever
e.g. fter her mother’s death, she became acutely aware of her own mortality

2) the number of deaths in a particular situation or period of time
e.g. the infant mortality rate (= the number of babies that die at or just after birth)
e.g. Mortality from lung cancer is still increasing

3) (technical) a death
e.g. hospital mortalities (= deaths in hospital)

Front 102

endanger (v)

(in'deinscher)

Back 102

to put sb/sth in a situation in which they could be harmed or damaged
e.g. The health of our children is being endangered by exhaust fumes
e.g. That one mistake seriously endangered the future of the company
e.g. he sea turtle is an endangered species (= it may soon no longer exist)

= gefährden

Front 103

foster (v)

Back 103

1) to encourage sth to develop
e.g. The club’s aim is to foster better relations within the community
SYN = to encourage
SYN = to promote
= fördern, unterstützen, begünstigen
2) (especially BrE) to take another person’s child into your home for a period of time, without becoming his or her legal parents
e.g. They have fostered over 60 children during the past ten years
e.g. We couldn’t adopt a child, so we decided to foster
= aufziehen, pflegen

Front 104

contradict (v)

(contra'dict)

Back 104

1) to say that sth that sb else has said is wrong, and that the opposite is true
e.g. All evening her husband contradicted everything she said
e.g. You’ve just contradicted yourself (= said the opposite of what you said before)
= widersprechen
= bestreiten

2) (of statements or pieces of evidence) to be so different from each other that one of them must be wrong
e.g. The two stories contradict each other
= widersprechen

Front 105

contention (n)

Back 105

1) angry disagreement between people
SYN = dispute
e.g. One area of contention is the availability of nursery care
e.g. a point of contention
= Disput, Streit

2) contention (that … ) a belief or an opinion that you express, especially in an argument
e.g. It is our client’s contention that the fire was an accident
e.g. I would reject that contention
= Behauptung
= Argument

Front 106

discourse (n) / (v)

Back 106

noun:

1) (formal) a long and serious treatment or discussion of a subject in speech or writing
e.g. a discourse on issues of gender and sexuality

2) (linguistics) the use of language in speech and writing in order to produce meaning; language that is studied, usually in order to see how the different parts of a text are connected
e.g. spoken / written discourse

verb:

to discource on / upon sth
(formal) to talk or give a long speech about sth that you know a lot about
= eine Rede halten

Front 107

hostility (n)

Back 107

1) hostility (to / towards sb/sth) unfriendly or aggressive feelings or behaviour
e.g. feelings of hostility towards people from other backgrounds
= Feindlichkeit

2) hostility (to / towards sth) strong and angry opposition towards an idea, a plan or a situation
e.g. public hostility to nuclear power

3) hostilities [pl.] (formal) acts of fighting in a war
e.g. the start / outbreak of hostilities between the two sides

Front 108

justification (n)

Back 108

justification (for sth / doing sth) a good reason why sth exists or is done

e.g. I can see no possible justification for any further tax increases

e.g. He was getting angry—and with some justification

Front 109

municipality (n)

(mjunisi'päliti)

Back 109

a town, city or district with its own local government; the group of officials who govern it

= Kommune, Gemeinde

Front 110

proximate (adj)

Back 110

(technical) nearest in time, order, etc. to sth

e.g. the proximate cause of species decline

Front 111

cede (v)

('siid)

Back 111

cede sth (to sb) (formal) to give sb control of sth or give them power, a right, etc., especially unwillingly

e.g. Cuba was ceded by Spain to the US in 1898

= abgeben, überlassen, abtreten

Front 112

condemnation (n)

Back 112

condemnation (of sb/sth) an expression of very strong disapproval

e.g. There was widespread condemnation of the invasion

= Verachtung, Verurteilung

Front 113

forage (v)

('foritsch)

Back 113

1) (especially of an animal) to search for food
= nach Futter suchen

2) (of a person) to search for sth, especially using the hands

Front 114

swallow (v)

Back 114

1) o make food, drink, etc. go down your throat into your stomach
e.g. Always chew food well before swallowing it

2) to move the muscles of your throat as if you were swallowing sth, especially because you are nervous
e.g. She swallowed hard and told him the bad news

3) swallow sb/sth (up) to take sb/sth in or completely cover it so that they cannot be seen or no longer exist separately
e.g. I watched her walk down the road until she was swallowed by the darkness

4) swallow sb/sth (up) to use up sth completely, especially an amount of money
e.g. Most of my salary gets swallowed (up) by the rent and bills

5) to accept that sth is true; to believe sth:
e.g. I found her excuse very hard to swallow

6) to hide your feelings
e.g. to swallow your doubts

7) to accept insults, criticisms, etc. without complaining or protesting
e.g. I was surprised that he just sat there and swallowed all their remarks

Front 115

mouthful (n)

Back 115

1) an amount of food or drink that you put in your mouth at one time
e.g. She took a mouthful of water

2) (informal) a word or a phrase that is long and complicated or difficult to pronounce

Front 116

colossal (adj)

(ko'lossel)

Back 116

extremely large

e.g. a colossal statue

e.g. the singer earns a colossal amount of money

Front 117

lunge (v)

('landsch)

Back 117

lunge (at / towards / for sb/sth) | lunge (forward) to make a sudden powerful forward movement, especially in order to attack sb or take hold of sth

Front 118

shoal (n)

('schoul)

Back 118

1) a large number of fish swimming together as a group
= Schwarm

2) a small hill of sand just below the surface of the sea

Front 119

engulf (v)

Back 119

1) to surround or to cover sb/sth completely
e.g. He was engulfed by a crowd of reporters
e.g. The vehicle was engulfed in flames

2) to affect sb/sth very strongly
e.g. Fear engulfed her

Front 120

crustacean (n)

(cru'stäischn)

Back 120

(technical) any creature with a soft body that is divided into sections, and a hard outer shell. Most crustaceans live in water. Crabs, lobsters and shrimps are all crustaceans.

= Krebstier

Front 121

nutritious (adj)

(nju'trisches)

Back 121

(approving) (of food) very good for you; containing many of the substances which help the body to grow

SYN = nourishing

e.g. tasty and nutritious meals

= nahrhaft
= nährstoffreich

Front 122

lung (n)

('laang)

Back 122

either of the two organs in the chest that you use for breathing

= Lunge

Front 123

elusive (adj)

(i'lusiv)

Back 123

difficult to find, define, or achieve

e.g. Eric, as elusive as ever, was nowhere to be found

e.g. A solution to the problem of toxic waste is proving elusive

=

Front 124

hydrophone (n)

Back 124

Horchgerät

Front 125

exert (v)

(ig'sert)

Back 125

1) to use power or influence to affect sb/sth

e.g. He exerted all his authority to make them accept the plan

e.g. The moon exerts a force on the earth that causes the tides

= ausüben, anwenden

2) exert yourself to make a big physical or mental effort

e.g. In order to be successful he would have to exert himself

= anstrengen

Front 126

parachute (n)

Back 126

a device that is attached to people or objects to make them fall slowly and safely when they are dropped from an aircraft. It consists of a large piece of thin cloth that opens out in the air to form an umbrella shape

e.g. Planes dropped supplies by parachute

e.g. a parachute drop / jump

e.g. a parachute regiment

Front 127

jaw bone (n)

(tscho boun)

Back 127

the bone that forms the lower jaw

= Kieferknochen

Front 128

viable (adj)

('waiebel)

Back 128

1) that can be done; that will be successful
SYN = feasible
e.g. a viable option / proposition
e.g. There is no viable alternative
= machbar, durchführbar, realisierbar

2) (biology) capable of developing and surviving independently
e.g. viable organisms
= lebensfähig, entwicklungsfähig

Front 129

mice (n) (pl)

Back 129

Mäuse

Front 130

offspring (n)

Back 130

1) a child of a particular person or couple
e.g. the problems parents have with their teenage offspring
e.g. to produce / raise offspring
= Nachwuchs, Kinder

2) the young of an animal or plant
= Sprössling

Front 131

preserve (v)

Back 131

1) to keep a particular quality, feature, etc.; to make sure that sth is kept
e.g. He was anxious to preserve his reputation
e.g. Efforts to preserve the peace have failed
= bewahren, aufrechterhalten

2) [often passive] to keep sth in its original state in good condition
e.g. a perfectly preserved 14th century house
e.g. (humorous) Is he really 60? He’s remarkably well preserved
= aufrechterhalten, instand halten

3) to prevent sth, especially food, from decaying by treating it in a particular way
e.g. olives preserved in brine
e.g. Wax polish preserves wood and leathe
= konservieren

4) preserve sb/sth (from sth) to keep sb/sth alive, or safe from harm or danger
SYN = to save
e.g. The society was set up to preserve endangered species from extinction
= schützen

Front 132

breed (n)

Back 132

1) a particular type of animal that has been developed by people in a controlled way, especially a type of dog, cat or farm animal
e.g. Labradors and other large breeds of dog
= Zucht, Rasse, Sorte

2) a type of person
e.g. He represents a new breed of politician

Front 133

fetus (n)

Back 133

Fötus

Front 134

donor (n)

Back 134

1) a person or an organization that makes a gift of money, clothes, food, etc. to a charity, etc
e.g. international aid donors (= countries which give money, etc. to help other countries)

2) a person who gives blood or a part of his or her body to be used by doctors in medical treatment
e.g. a blood donor
e.g. The heart transplant will take place as soon as a suitable donor can be found.
e.g. donor organs
e.g. a donor card (= a card that you carry giving permission for doctors to use parts of your body after your death)

Front 135

surrogate (adj)

('sareget)

Back 135

(formal) used to describe a person or thing that takes the place of, or is used instead of, sb/sth else

e.g. She saw him as a sort of surrogate father

= Ersatz-
= stellvertretend
= ersetzend

Front 136

mate (v)

Back 136

1) mate (with sth) (of two animals or birds) to have sex in order to produce young
e.g. Do foxes ever mate with dogs?

2) mate sth (to / with sth) to put animals or birds together so that they will have sex and produce young

Front 137

progeny (n)

('protscheni)

Back 137

[pl.] (formal or humorous) a person’s children; the young of animals and plants

e.g. He was surrounded by his numerous progeny

= Nachkommen, Kinder

Front 138

self-fertilization (n)

Back 138

= Selbstbefruchtung

Front 139

fertilize (v)

(ferteleiz)

Back 139

1) to put pollen into a plant so that a seed develops; to join sperm with an egg so that a baby or young animal develops
= befruchen, düngen

e.g. Flowers are often fertilized by bees as they gather nectar
= befruchten

2) to add a substance to soil to make plants grow more successfully

Front 140

moist (adj)

Back 140

slightly wet
e.g. warm moist air
e.g. Water the plants regularly to keep the soil (=Erde) moist
e.g. Her eyes were moist (= with tears)

= feucht

Front 141

dwindle (v)

Back 141

dwindle (away) (to sth) to become gradually less or smaller
e.g. dwindling audiences
e.g. Support for the party has dwindled away to nothing
e.g. Membership of the club has dwindled from 70 to 20

= abnehmen, schrumpfen, schwinden, nachlassen

Front 142

aridity (n)

Back 142

= Trockenheit

arid (adj) = trocken

Front 143

perish (v)

Back 143

1) (formal or literary) (of people or animals) to die, especially in a sudden violent way
e.g. A family of four perished in the fire
= umkommen, sterben

2) (formal) to be lost or destroyed
e.g. Early buildings were made of wood and have perished
= zerstört werden, unter gehen

3) (BrE) if a material such as rubber perishes or is perished, it becomes damaged, weaker or full of holes
= zerstört werden, verenden

Front 144

lizard (n)

Back 144

a small reptile with a rough skin, four short legs and a long tail

= Eidechse

Front 145

assorted (adj)

Back 145

of various different sorts

e.g. The meat is served with salad or assorted vegetables

e.g. The jumper comes in assorted colours

= verschieden, gemischt

Front 146

striking (adj)

Back 146

1) interesting and unusual enough to attract attention
e.g. a striking feature
e.g. She bears a striking resemblance to her older sister
SYN = marked

2) very attractive, often in an unusual way
e.g. striking good looks
SYN = stunning

Front 147

dwelling (n)

Back 147

(formal) a house, flat / apartment, etc. where a person lives

e.g. The development will consist of 66 dwellings and a number of offices

= Wohnung

Front 148

forest-dwelling (adj)

Back 148

waldbewohnend

(dwelling = Wohnung)

Front 149

traverse (v)

Back 149

(formal or technical) to cross an area of land or water

= durchqueren, überqueren

Front 150

landscape (n)

Back 150

1) everything you can see when you look across a large area of land, especially in the country
e.g. the bleak / rugged / dramatic, etc. landscape of the area
e.g. an urban / industrial landscape
e.g. (figurative) We can expect changes in the political landscape

= Landschaft

2) a painting of a view of the countryside; this style of painting
e.g. an artist famous for his landscapes

3) (technical) the way of printing a document in which the top of the page is one of the longer sides
e.g. Select the landscape option when printing the file

Front 151

chunk (n)

('tschank)

Back 151

1) a thick solid piece that has been cut or broken off sth
e.g. a chunk of cheese / masonry

2) (informal) a fairly large amount of sth
e.g. I’ve already written a fair chunk of the article

3) (linguistics) a phrase or group of words which can be learnt as a unit by sb who is learning a language. Examples of chunks are ‘Can I have the bill, please?’ and ‘Pleased to meet you’.

Front 152

inhospitable (adj)

(inho'spitäbl)

Back 152

1) (of a place) difficult to stay or live in, especially because there is no shelter from the weather
e.g. inhospitable terrain
e.g. an inhospitable climate
SYN = unwelcoming

2) (of people) not giving a friendly or polite welcome to guests
OPP = hospitable
= nicht gastfreundlich

Front 153

urbanized (adj)

Back 153

1) (of an area, a country, etc.) having a lot of towns, streets, factories, etc. rather than countryside

2) (of people) living and working in towns and cities rather than in the country
e.g. an increasingly urbanized society

Front 154

expanse (n)

Back 154

expanse (of sth) a wide and open area of sth, especially land or water
e.g. a wide / vast expanse of blue sky
e.g. flat expanses of open farmland

Front 155

boa constrictor (n)

Back 155

a large S American snake that kills animals for food by winding its long body around them and crushing (=zerdrücken) them

Front 156

branch (n)

Back 156

1) a part of a tree that grows out from the main stem and on which leaves, flowers and fruit grow
= Ast

2) a local office or shop / store belonging to a large company or organization
e.g. The bank has branches all over the country

3) a part of a government or other large organization that deals with one particular aspect of its work
SYN = department

4) a division of an area of knowledge or a group of languages

5) a smaller or less important part of a river, road, railway / railroad, etc. that leads away from the main part
e.g. a branch of the Rhine
e.g. a branch line (= a small line off a main railway line, often in country areas)
= Nebenfluss, Nebenstrasse

6) a group of members of a family who all have the same ancestors

Front 157

vine (n)

Back 157

1) a climbing plant that produces grapes
= Rebe, Rebstock

2) any climbing plant with long thin stems; one of these stems

Front 158

dreaded (adj)

('dredid)

Back 158

[only before noun] causing fear

e.g. The dreaded moment had finally arrived

= gefürchtet

Front 159

dread (v)

Back 159

to be very afraid of sth; to fear that sth bad is going to happen

e.g. This was the moment he had been dreading
e.g. She dreads her husband finding out
e.g. I dread to think what would happen if there really was a fire here
e.g. I dread being sick

= fürchten

Front 160

dread (n)

Back 160

a feeling of great fear about sth that might or will happen in the future; a thing that causes this feeling

e.g. The prospect of growing old fills me with dread

= Furcht

Front 161

wrap (v)

Back 161

1) wrap sth (up) (in sth) to cover sth completely in paper or other material, for example when you are giving it as a present
e.g. He spent the evening wrapping up the Christmas presents
= einpacken, verpacken

2) wrap A (up) in B | wrap B round / around A to cover sth/sb in material, for example in order to protect it/them
e.g. I wrapped the baby (up) in a blanket
e.g. I wrapped a blanket around the baby
= einwickeln

3) wrap sth around / round sth/sb to put sth firmly around sth/sb
e.g. A scarf was wrapped around his neck
e.g. His arms were wrapped around her waist
= wickeln

4) wrap (sth) (around / round) (computing) to cause text to be carried over to a new line automatically as you reach the end of the previous line; to be carried over in this way
e.g. How can I wrap the text around?
e.g. The text wraps around if it is too long to fit the screen
= (Zeile) umbrechen

Front 162

tension (n)

Back 162

1) tension (between A and B) a situation in which people do not trust each other, or feel unfriendly towards each other, and which may cause them to attack each other
e.g. There is mounting tension along the border

2) tension (between A and B) a situation in which the fact that there are different needs or interests causes difficulties
e.g. There is often a tension between the aims of the company and the wishes of the employees

3) a feeling of anxiety and stress that makes it impossible to relax
e.g. nervous tension
e.g. We laughed and that helped ease the tension

4) the feeling of fear and excitement that is created by a writer or a film / movie director
e.g. dramatic tension
e.g. As the movie progresses the tension builds

5) the state of being stretched tight; the extent to which sth is stretched tight
e.g. muscular tension
e.g. Adjust the string tension of your tennis racket to suit your style of playing

= Spannung
= Anspannung
= Nervosität

Front 163

flimsy (adj)

Back 163

1) badly made and not strong enough for the purpose for which it is used
e.g. a flimsy table
= unsolide

2) (of material) thin and easily torn
e.g. a flimsy piece of paper / fabric / plastic
= dünn, schwach

3) difficult to believe
e.g. a flimsy excuse / explanation
e.g. The evidence against him is pretty flimsy
= fadenscheinig

Front 164

belly (n)

Back 164

1) the part of the body below the chest
e.g. They crawled along on their bellies
SYN = stomach
SYN = gut
= Bauch, Unterleib

2) (literary) the round or curved part of an object
e.g. the belly of a ship

3) -bellied (in adjectives) having the type of belly mentioned
e.g. swollen-bellied

Front 165

locomotion (n)

Back 165

(formal) movement or the ability to move

= Fortbewegung
= Bewegung

Front 166

concertina (n)

('konsertina)

Back 166

a musical instrument like a small accordion, that you hold in both hands. You press the ends together and pull them apart to produce sounds

= Akkordeon

Front 167

grant (n)

Back 167

grant (to do sth) a sum of money that is given by the government or by another organization to be used for a particular purpose

e.g. student grants (= to pay for their education)
e.g. He has been awarded a research grant

Front 168

yeast (n)

('jiist)

Back 168

a fungus used in making beer and wine, or to make bread rise

= Hefe

fungus = any plant without leaves, flowers or green colouring, usually growing on other plants or on decaying matter. Mushrooms and mildew are both fungi.

Front 169

fungus (n)

Back 169

any plant without leaves, flowers or green colouring, usually growing on other plants or on decaying matter. Mushrooms and mildew are both fungi.

Front 170

jellyfish (n)

('dtschälifisch)

Back 170

a sea creature with a body like jelly and long thin parts called tentacles (=Fühler) that can give a sharp sting

= Qualle

Front 171

proliferate (v)

Back 171

to increase rapidly in number or amount

SYN = to multiply

e.g. Books and articles on the subject have proliferated over the last year

= sich ausbreiten
= sich stark vermehren

proliferation (n) =
the sudden increase in the number or amount of sth; a large number of a particular thing

e.g. a proliferation of personal computers
e.g. attempts to prevent cancer cell proliferation

Front 172

abundance (n)

(a'bandens)

Back 172

abundance (of sth) (formal)
a large quantity that is more than enough

IDIOMS: in abundance
= in large quantities
e.g. Fruit and vegetables grew in abundance on the island

Front 173

voracious (adj)

(vo'resches)

Back 173

1) eating or wanting large amounts of food
SYN = greedy
e.g. a voracious eater
e.g. to have a voracious appetite
= gefrässig
= unersättlicher Appetit

2) wanting a lot of new information and knowledge
SYN = avid
e.g. a voracious reader
e.g. a boy with a voracious and undiscriminating appetite for facts
= gierig (Wissens-, Informations-)

Front 174

voracious predators

Back 174

unersättliche Raubtiere

Front 175

larva (n) (sing)

larvae (n) (pl)
('laavi)

Back 175

an insect at the stage when it has just come out of an egg and looks like a short fat worm

= Larve

Front 176

cabinet (n)

('kabinet)

Back 176

1) a group of chosen members of a government, which is responsible for advising and deciding on government policy
e.g. (BrE) a cabinet minister
e.g. (BrE) the shadow Cabinet (= the most important members of the opposition party)

2) a piece of furniture with doors, drawers and/or shelves, that is used for storing or showing things
e.g. kitchen cabinets
e.g. The china (=Porzellan) was displayed in a glass cabinet.
= Schrank
= Vitrine

Front 177

china (n)

Back 177

1) white clay which is baked and used for making delicate cups, plates, etc.
e.g. a china vase
= Porzellan

2) cups, plates, etc. that are made of china
e.g. She got out the best china

Front 178

dorm (n)

Back 178

a room for several people to sleep in, especially in a school or other institution

= Schlafsaal

Front 179

genetic endowment (n)

Back 179

= Erbanlage

Front 180

pineapple (n)

('painäpl)

Back 180

a large tropical fruit with thick rough skin, sweet yellow flesh with a lot of juice and stiff leaves on top
e.g. fresh pineapple
e.g. a tin of pineapple chunks (= Stücke)
e.g. pineapple juice

= Ananas

Front 181

lily (n)

Back 181

a large white or brightly coloured flower with petals (=Blütenblätter) that curl back from the centre. There are many types of lily

= Lilie

Front 182

swamp (v) / (n)

Back 182

noun:

an area of ground that is very wet or covered with water and in which plants, trees, etc. are growing

SYN = marsh

e.g. tropical swamps

= Sumpf
= Mohr

verb:

1) ~ sb/sth (with sth)
to make sb have more of sth than they can deal with
SYN = to inundate
e.g. The department was swamped with job applications
e.g. In summer visitors swamp the island
= überschwemmen

2) to fill or cover sth with a lot of water
SYN = to engulf
e.g. The little boat was swamped by the waves
= überfluten
= überschwemmen

Front 183

seed-bearing (adj)

Back 183

= samentragend

Front 184

conifer (n)

('konifer)

Back 184

any tree that produces hard dry fruit called cones. Most conifers are evergreen (= have leaves that stay on the tree all year).

= Nadelbaum

Front 185

herein (adverb)

(hir'in)

Back 185

(formal or law)

in this place, document, statement or fact

e.g. Neither party is willing to compromise and herein lies the problem

= hier
= hierin

Front 186

riddle (n) / (v)

('ridl)

Back 186

noun:

1) a question that is difficult to understand, and that has a surprising answer, that you ask sb as a game
e.g. Stop talking in riddles (= saying things that are confusing)—say what you mean
e.g. to solve the riddle of the Sphinx
= Rätsel

2) a mysterious event or situation that you cannot explain
SYN = mystery
e.g. the riddle of how the baby died
= Rätsel

verb:

[usually passive] to make a lot of holes in sb/sth
e.g. The car was riddled with bullets
= sieben

Front 187

showy (adj)

Back 187

(often disapproving) so brightly coloured, large or exaggerated that it attracts a lot of attention

SYN = ostentatious

e.g. showy flowers

= auffallend
= protzig

Front 188

petal-like (adj)

Back 188

blüttenblattähnlich

Front 189

entice (v)

('intais)

Back 189

[usually +adv. / prep.] entice sb (into doing sth)

to persuade sb/sth to go somewhere or to do sth, usually by offering them sth

SYN = to persuade

e.g. The bargain prices are expected to entice customers away from other stores

e.g. The animal refused to be enticed from its hole

e.g. Try and entice the child to eat by offering small portions of their favourite food

= lockern
= ködern
= anlocken

Front 190

pollinate (v)

pollination (n)

Back 190

to put pollen into a flower or plant so that it produces seeds
e.g. flowers pollinated by bees / the wind

= bestäuben

= Bestäubung

Front 191

array (n) / (v)

(a'rei)

Back 191

noun:

1) a group or collection of things or people, often one that is large or impressive
e.g. a vast array of bottles of different shapes and sizes

2) (computing) a way of organizing and storing related data in a computer memory

3) (technical) a set of numbers, signs or values arranged in rows and columns

verb:

1) to arrange a group of things in a pleasing way or so that they are in order
e.g. Jars of all shapes and sizes were arrayed on the shelves

2) to arrange soldiers in a position from which they are ready to attack

Front 192

poppy (n)

Back 192

a wild or garden plant, with a large delicate flower that is usually red, and small black seeds. Opium is obtained from one type of poppy

e.g. poppy fields / seeds

= Mohn(blume)

Front 193

cone (n)

Back 193

1) a solid or hollow object with a round flat base and sides that slope up to a point

2) a solid or hollow object that is shaped like a cone
e.g. the cone of a volcano

3) (also 'traffic cone) a plastic object shaped like a cone and often red and white, or yellow, in colour, used on roads to show where vehicles are not allowed to go, for example while repairs are being done

4) (also old-fashioned cornet) a piece of thin crisp biscuit shaped like a cone, which you can put ice cream in to eat it

5) the hard dry fruit of a pine or fir tree

Front 194

lineage (n)

('linietsch)

Back 194

(formal) the series of families that sb comes from originally

SYN = ancestry ('ansistri)

= Abstammung

Front 195

pollen (n)

Back 195

fine powder, usually yellow, that is formed in flowers and carried to other flowers of the same kind by the wind or by insects, to make those flowers produce seeds

= Pollen
= Blütenstaub

Front 196

backyard (n)

('bäckjaard)

Back 196

1) (BrE) an area with a hard surface behind a house, often surrounded by a wall

2) (NAmE) the whole area behind and belonging to a house, including an area of grass and the garden
e.g. a backyard barbecue

= Hinterhof
= Garten

Front 197

birder (n)

Back 197

= Vogelfänger
= Vogelbeobachter

Front 198

exhaustive (adj)

(ex'hoostiv)

Back 198

including everything possible; very thorough or complete

e.g. exhaustive research / tests
e.g. This list is not intended to be exhaustive

= vollständig
= gründlich
= ausgiebig

Front 199

enthusiast (n)

Back 199

1) a person who is very interested in sth and spends a lot of time doing it
e.g. a football enthusiast
e.g. an enthusiast of jazz

2) a person who approves of sth and shows enthusiasm for it
e.g. enthusiasts for a united Europe

Front 200

rigorous (adj)

('rigeres)

Back 200

1) done carefully and with a lot of attention to detail
SYN = thorough
e.g. a rigorous analysis
= gründlich

2) demanding that particular rules, processes, etc. are strictly followed
SYN = strict
e.g. The work failed to meet their rigorous standards
= streng

Front 201

extinct (adj)

Back 201

1) (of a type of plant, animal, etc.) no longer in existence
e.g. an extinct species
e.g. to become extinct

2) (of a type of person, job or way of life) no longer in existence in society
e.g. Servants are now almost extinct in modern society

3) (of a volcano) no longer active
OPP = active

Front 202

irresistible (adj)

(iri'sistebel)

Back 202

1) so strong that it cannot be stopped or resisted
e.g. I felt an irresistible urge to laugh
e.g. His arguments were irresistible

= unwiderstehlich
= unaufhaltsam

OPP = resistible

2) irresistible (to sb)
so attractive that you feel you must have it
e.g. an irresistible bargain
e.g. The bright colours were irresistible to the baby
= unwiderstehlich

Front 203

repel (v)

(ri'pel)

Back 203

1) (formal) to successfully fight sb who is attacking you, your country, etc. and drive them away
e.g. to repel an attack / invasion / invader
e.g. Troops repelled an attempt to infiltrate the south of the island
= abwehren

2) to drive, push or keep sth away
e.g. a cream that repels insects

3) (not used in the progressive tenses) to make sb feel horror or disgust
SYN = to disgust
e.g. I was repelled by the smell
= abschrecken

4) (technical) if one thing repels another, or if two things repel each other, an electrical or magnetic force pushes them apart
e.g. Like poles repel each other
OPP = to attract
= abstossen

Front 204

blood-sucking flies

Back 204

blutsaugende Fliegen

Front 205

cattle industry (n)

Back 205

= Viehindustrie

cattle = cows and bulls that are kept as farm animals for their milk or meat

e.g. a herd of cattle
e.g. twenty head of cattle (= twenty cows)

Front 206

inflict (v)

(in'flikt)

Back 206

inflict sth (on / upon sb/sth)
to make sb/sth suffer sth unpleasant
e.g. They inflicted a humiliating defeat on the home team
e.g. They surveyed the damage inflicted by the storm
e.g. Heavy casualties were inflicted on the enemy
= zufügen

Front 207

repellent (adj) / (n)

(re'pellent)

Back 207

adj:

1) repellent (to sb) (formal)
very unpleasant; causing strong dislike
SYN = repulsive
e.g. Their political ideas are repellent to most people
= abstossend, abweisend

2) (in compounds) not letting a particular substance, especially water, pass through it
e.g. water-repellent cloth
= (wasser-)abstossend

noun:

1) a substance that is used for keeping insects away from you
e.g. (an) insect repellent
= Abwehrmittel

2) a substance that is used on cloth, stone, etc. to prevent water from passing through it
e.g. (a) water repellent

Front 208

cockroach (n)

('kockroetsch)

Back 208

a large brown insect with wings, that lives in houses, especially where there is dirt

= Kakerlake

Front 209

pasture (n) / (v)

('paaster)

Back 209

noun:

1) land covered with grass that is suitable for feeding animals on
e.g. an area of permanent / rough / rich pasture
e.g. high mountain pastures
e.g. The cattle were put out to pasture
= Weideland
= Weide

2) pastures [pl.] the circumstances of your life, work, etc.
e.g. I felt we were off to greener pastures (= a better way of life)

verb:

to put animals in a field to feed on grass
= weiden, grasen lassen

Front 210

pathogen (n)

('phatetschen)

Back 210

(technical) a thing that causes disease

= Krankheitserreger
= Erreger

Front 211

mildew (n)

('mildjuu)

Back 211

a very small white fungus that grows on walls, plants, food, etc. in warm wet conditions

= Schimmel
= Schimmelpilz

Front 212

destructive (adj)

('distractiv)

Back 212

causing destruction or damage

e.g. the destructive power of modern weapons
e.g. the destructive effects of anxiety

Front 213

maize (n)

('meis)

Back 213

1) (BrE) (NAmE corn) a tall plant grown for its large yellow grains that are used for making flour or eaten as a vegetable; the grains of this plant

2) (especially NAmE) = Indian corn

= Mais

Front 214

oats (n)

('outs)

Back 214

[pl.] grain grown in cool countries as food for animals and for making flour, porridge (=Haferbrei) / oatmeal (=Haferflocken), etc.

= Hafer

Front 215

grapes (n)

Back 215

a small green or purple fruit that grows in bunches on a climbing plant (called a vine). Wine is made from grapes

e.g. a bunch of grapes
e.g. black / white grapes (= grapes that are actually purple / green in colour)

= Weintrauben

Front 216

host (n) / (v)

('houst)

Back 216

noun:

1) a person who invites guests to a meal, a party, etc. or who has people staying at their house
e.g. Ian, our host, introduced us to the other guests
= Gastgeber, Wirt

2) a country, a city or an organization that holds and arranges a special event
e.g. The college is playing host to a group of visiting Russian scientists
= Gastgeber

3) a person who introduces a television or radio show, and talks to guests
e.g. a TV game show host
= Moderator

4) (technical) an animal or a plant on which another animal or plant lives and feeds

5) host of sb/sth
a large number of people or things
e.g. a host of possibilities
= Menge, Masse

6) the main computer in a network that controls or supplies information to other computers that are connected to it
e.g. transferring files from the host to your local computer

7) the Host [sing.]
the bread that is used in the Christian service of Communion, after it has been blessed
= Abendmahlsbrot

verb:

1) to organize an event to which others are invited and make all the arrangements for them
e.g. Germany hosted the World Cup finals

2) to introduce a television or radio programme, a show, etc.

3) to organize a party that you have invited guests to
e.g. to host a dinner

4) to store a website on a computer connected to the Internet, usually in return for payment
e.g. a company that builds and hosts e-commerce sites

Front 217

wreak (v)

('riik)

Back 217

wreak sth (on sb) (formal)
to do great damage or harm to sb/sth
e.g. Their policies would wreak havoc on the economy
e.g. He swore to wreak vengeance (=Rache, Vergeltung) on those who had betrayed him

= anrichten

Front 218

vengeance (n)

('wenschens)

Back 218

vengeance (on / upon sb) (formal)
the act of punishing or harming sb in return for what they have done to you, your family or friends
SYN = revenge

e.g. a desire for vengeance
e.g. to take vengeance on sb
e.g. He swore vengeance on his child’s killer

= Rache
= Vergeltung

Front 219

plant matter (n)

Back 219

= Pflanzenmaterial

Front 220

oak tree (n)

Back 220

= Eichbaum

Front 221

devour (v)

('divaur)

Back 221

1) to eat all of sth quickly, especially because you are very hungry
SYN = to gobble up

2) to read or look at sth with great interest and enthusiasm
e.g. She devoured everything she could lay her hands on: books, magazines and newspapers

3) (formal) to destroy sb/sth
SYN = to engulf
e.g. Flames devoured the house

= verschlingen

Front 222

marine algae (n) (pl)

('märin 'ältschi)

Back 222

= Meeresalgen

Front 223

discard (v)

Back 223

1) discard sb/sth (as sth)
to get rid of sth that you no longer want or need
e.g. The room was littered with discarded newspapers
e.g. He had discarded his jacket because of the heat
e.g. 10% of the data was discarded as unreliable
= wegwerfen

2) (in card games) to get rid of a card that you do not want

Front 224

invade (v)

Back 224

1) to enter a country, town, etc. using military force in order to take control of it
e.g. Troops invaded on August 9th that year
e.g. When did the Romans invade Britain?

2) to enter a place in large numbers, especially in a way that causes damage or confusion
e.g. Demonstrators invaded the government buildings
e.g. As the final whistle blew, fans began invading the field

3) to affect sth in an unpleasant or annoying way
e.g. Do the press have the right to invade her privacy in this way?

= eindringen

Front 225

immunity (n)

(i'mjuniti)

Back 225

1) immunity (to sth) | immunity (against sth)
the body’s ability to avoid or not be affected by infection and disease
e.g. immunity to infection
e.g. The vaccine provides longer immunity against flu

2) immunity (from sth)
the state of being protected from sth
e.g. The spies were all granted immunity from prosecution
e.g. parliamentary / congressional immunity (= protection against particular laws that is given to politicians)

= Immunität

Front 226

stealthy (adj)

Back 226

doing things quietly or secretly; done quietly or secretly

e.g. a stealthy animal
e.g. a stealthy movement

= heimlich

Front 227

to put in place preventative measures

Back 227

präventative Massnahmen einleiten

Front 228

preventative (adj)

(pri'wentif)

Back 228

[only before noun] intended to try to stop sth that causes problems or difficulties from happening

e.g. preventive medicine
e.g. The police were able to take preventive action and avoid a possible riot

= vorbeugend
= präventiv

Front 229

barley (n)

('baarli)

Back 229

a plant grown for its grain that is used for making food, beer and whisky; the grains of this plant

= Gerste

Front 230

cereal crop (n)

Back 230

= Getreideart

Front 231

sequence (v) / (n)

Back 231

verb:

1) (technical) to arrange things into a sequence

2) (biology) to identify the order in which a set of genes or parts of molecules are arranged
e.g. The human genome has now been sequenced

noun:

1) a set of events, actions, numbers, etc. which have a particular order and which lead to a particular result
e.g. He described the sequence of events leading up to the robbery

2) the order that events, actions, etc. happen in or should happen in
e.g. The tasks had to be performed in a particular sequence
e.g. Number the pages in sequence
e.g. These pages are out of sequence

3) a part of a film / movie that deals with one subject or topic or consists of one scene

Front 232

staple food (n)

Back 232

= Grundnahrungsmittel
= Hauptnahrung

Front 233

leaf (n) (sing)
leaves (n) (pl)

Back 233

1) a flat green part of a plant, growing from a stem or branch or from the root
e.g. lettuce / cabbage / oak leaves
e.g. The trees are just coming into leaf
e.g. the dead leaves of autumn / the fall

2) -leaf, -leafed, -leaved (in adjectives)
having leaves of the type or number mentioned
e.g. a four-leaf clover
e.g. a broad-leaved plant

3) a sheet of paper, especially a page in a book

4) metal, especially gold or silver, in the form of very thin sheets
e.g. gold leaf

5) a part of a table that can be lifted up or pulled into position in order to make the table bigger IDIOMS

Front 234

stem (n)

Back 234

1) the main long thin part of a plant above the ground from which the leaves or flowers grow; a smaller part that grows from this and supports flowers or leaves

2) the long thin part of a wine glass between the bowl and the base

3) the thin tube of a tobacco pipe

4) -stemmed (in adjectives)
having one or more stems of the type mentioned

5) (grammar) the main part of a word that stays the same when endings are added to it
e.g. ‘Writ’ is the stem of the forms ‘writes’, ‘writing’ and ‘written’

Front 235

agricultural yield (n)

Back 235

= landwirtschaftliche Ernte

Front 236

fungicide (n)

('fangisaid)

Back 236

a substance that kills fungus

= Pilzvernichtungsmittel

Front 237

disguise (v) / (n)

('disgais)

Back 237

verb:

1) disguise sb (as sb/sth)
to change your appearance so that people cannot recognize you
e.g. The hijackers were heavily disguised
e.g. She disguised herself as a boy
e.g. They got in disguised as security guards
= tarnen, verkleiden

2) to hide sth or change it, so that it cannot be recognized
SYN = to conceal
e.g. She made no attempt to disguise her surprise
e.g .It was a thinly disguised attack on the President
e.g. She couldn’t disguise the fact that she felt uncomfortable
= verbergen

noun:

1) a thing that you wear or use to change your appearance so that people do not recognize you
e.g. She wore glasses and a wig as a disguise
= Tarnung

2) the art of changing your appearance so that people do not recognize you
e.g. He is a master of disguise
= Verkleidung, Tarnung

Front 238

onset (n)

Back 238

the beginning of sth, especially sth unpleasant

e.g. the onset of disease / old age / winter

= Ausbruch
= Beginn
= Anfang

Front 239

durable (adj)

('djurebel)

Back 239

likely to last for a long time without breaking or getting weaker

e.g. durable plastics
e.g. negotiations for a durable peace

= dauerhaft
= langlebieg
= haltbar

Front 240

soil (n) / (v)

Back 240

noun:

1) the top layer of the earth in which plants, trees, etc. grow
e.g. poor / dry / acid / sandy / fertile, etc. soil
e.g. the study of rocks and soils
e.g. soil erosion

2) (literary) a country; an area of land
e.g. It was the first time I had set foot on African soil

verb:

[often passive] (formal) to make sth dirty
e.g. soiled linen (=Leinen)
e.g. (figurative) I don’t want you soiling your hands with this sort of work (= doing sth unpleasant or wrong)

Front 241

to be on the trail

Back 241

auf einer heissen Spur sein

Front 242

blight (n)

Back 242

1) any disease that kills plants, especially crops
e.g. potato blight
= Fäule

2) blight (on sb/sth)
something that has a bad effect on a situation, a person’s life or the environment
e.g. His death cast a blight on the whole of that year
e.g. urban blight (= areas in a city that are ugly or not cared for well)
= schädlicher Einfluss

Front 243

tackle (v)

('tackl)

Back 243

1) to make a determined effort to deal with a difficult problem or situation
e.g. The government is determined to tackle inflation

2) tackle sb (about sth)
to speak to sb about a problem or difficult situation
SYN = to confront
e.g. I tackled him about the money he owed me

3) (in football (soccer), hockey, etc.)
to try and take the ball from an opponent
e.g. He was tackled just outside the penalty area

4) (in rugby or American football)
to make an opponent fall to the ground in order to stop them running

5) to deal with sb who is violent or threatening you
e.g. He tackled a masked intruder at his home

Front 244

disruptive (adj)

Back 244

causing problems, noise, etc. so that sth cannot continue normally

e.g. She had a disruptive influence on the rest of the class

= störend

Front 245

fuzzy (adj)

('fasi)

Back 245

1) covered with short soft fine hair or fur
= flaumig

2) (of hair) in a mass of tight curls

3) not clear in shape or sound
= unscharf
= verschwommen

4) confused and not expressed clearly
= unklar
= benommen

Front 246

breeder (n)

Back 246

a person who breeds animals

e.g. a dog / horse / cattle, etc. breeder

= Züchter

Front 247

suppress (v)

('sepress)

Back 247

1) (usually disapproving) (of a government, ruler, etc.)
to put an end, often by force, to a group or an activity that is believed to threaten authority
e.g. The rebellion was brutally suppressed
= aufheben
= verdrängen

2) (usually disapproving) to prevent sth from being published or made known
e.g. The police were accused of suppressing vital evidence
= unterdrücken
= verheimlichen

3) to prevent yourself from having or expressing a feeling or an emotion
e.g. to suppress a smile
e.g. She was unable to suppress her anger
= unterdrücken

4) to prevent sth from growing, developing or continuing
e.g. drugs that suppress the appetite
= unterdrücken
= verdrängen

Front 248

prey (n)

Back 248

1) an animal, a bird, etc. that is hunted, killed and eaten by another
e.g. The lion will often stalk its prey for hours
e.g. birds of prey (= birds that kill for food)

2) a person who is harmed or tricked by sb, especially for dishonest purposes
e.g. Elderly people are easy prey for dishonest salesmen

Front 249

PHRASAL VERBS

on the verge of

Back 249

to be very close to an extreme state or condition

SYN = border on sth

e.g. Some of his suggestions verged on the outrageous

e.g. she believes we are on the verge of gaining important new knowledge about how brains and specializied sensory systems work together to process visual information

= am Rande von

Front 250

pinpoint (v) / (adj) / (n)

Back 250

verb:

1) to find and show the exact position of sb/sth or the exact time that sth happened
e.g. He was able to pinpoint on the map the site of the medieval village
= lokalisieren
= genau zeigen

2) to be able to give the exact reason for sth or to describe sth exactly
e.g. The report pinpointed the areas most in need of help
= genau bestimmen
= genau festlegen

adjective:

if sth is done with pinpoint accuracy, it is done exactly and in exactly the right position
e.g. The pilots bombed strategic targets with pinpoint accuracy
= präzise
= zielgenau

noun:

a very small area of sth, especially light

Front 251

attentive (adj)

Back 251

1) listening or watching carefully and with interest
e.g. an attentive audience
= aufmerksam

2) attentive (to sb/sth)
helpful; making sure that people have what they need
e.g. The hotel staff are friendly and attentive
e.g. Ministers should be more attentive to the needs of families
= zuvorkommend
= aufmerksam

Front 252

courtship (n)

('kortship)

Back 252

1) (old-fashioned) the time when two people have a romantic relationship before they get married; the process of developing this relationship
e.g. They married after a short courtship
e.g. Mr Elton’s courtship of Harriet

2) the special way animals behave in order to attract a mate for producing young animals
e.g. courtship displays

3) courtship (of sb/sth) (formal)
the process or act of attracting a business partner, etc.
e.g. the company’s courtship by the government

Front 253

elaborate (adj) / (v)

Back 253

adjective:

[usually before noun] very complicated and detailed; carefully prepared and organized
e.g. elaborate designs
e.g. She had prepared a very elaborate meal
e.g. an elaborate computer system

= kompliziert
= detailliert
= komplex
= durchdacht
= ausgeklügelt

verb:

1) ~ (on / upon sth)
to explain or describe sth in a more detailed way
e.g. He said he was resigning but did not elaborate on his reasons
= genau darlegen
= erklären

2) to develop a plan, an idea, etc. and make it complicated or detailed
e.g. In his plays he takes simple traditional tales and elaborates them
= verfeinern
= ausarbeiten
= ausfeilen

Front 254

immovable (adj)

(i'muvebel)

Back 254

1) [usually before noun] that cannot be moved
e.g. an immovable object
= bewegungslos
= fest
= unbeweglich

2) (of a person or an opinion, etc.)
impossible to change or persuade
e.g. On this issue he is completely immovable
= unnachgiebig

Front 255

retina (n)

('retina)

Back 255

a layer of tissue at the back of the eye that is sensitive to light and sends signals to the brain about what is seen

= Netzhaut

Front 256

skeleton (n)

Back 256

1) the structure of bones that supports the body of a person or an animal; a model of this structure
e.g. The human skeleton consists of 206 bones
e.g. a dinosaur skeleton

2) (informal) a very thin person or animal

3) the main structure that supports a building, etc.
SYN = framework
e.g. Only the concrete skeleton of the factory remained

4) the basic outline of a plan, piece of writing, etc. to which more details can be added later
e.g. Examples were used to flesh out the skeleton of the argument

5) skeleton staff, crew, etc.
the smallest number of people, etc. that you need to do sth
e.g. There will only be a skeleton staff on duty over the holiday
e.g. We managed to operate a skeleton bus service during the strike

Front 257

primate (n)

('praimeit)

Back 257

1) any animal that belongs to the group of mammals that includes humans, apes and monkeys

2) an archbishop (= a priest of very high rank in the Christian Church)

Front 258

densely (adv)

Back 258

e.g. a densely populated area
e.g. densely covered / packed

= dicht

Front 259

infrared (adj)

(infra'red)

Back 259

(physics) having or using electromagnetic waves which are longer than those of red light in the spectrum, and which cannot be seen

e.g. infrared radiation
e.g. an infrared lamp

= Infrarot

Front 260

infrared beam (n)

Back 260

= Infrarotleaser

Front 261

over-fishing (n)

Back 261

= Überfischung

Front 262

tentacle (n)

('tentekl)

Back 262

1) a long thin part of the body of some creatures, such as an octopus, used for feeling or holding things, for moving or for getting food
e.g. (figurative) Tentacles of fear closed around her body
= Fühler
= Fangarm

2) tentacles [pl.] (usually disapproving) the influence that a large place, organization or system has and that is hard to avoid
e.g. The tentacles of satellite television are spreading even wider

Front 263

pelagic (adj)

(pe'latschig)

Back 263

(technical) connected with, or living in, the parts of the sea that are far from land

= ozeanisch

Front 264

bloom (n) / (v)

Back 264

noun:

1) a flower (usually one on a plant that people admire for its flowers)
e.g. the exotic blooms of the orchid

2) a healthy fresh appearance
e.g. the bloom in her cheeks (=Wangen)

verb:

1) to produce flowers
SYN = to flower
e.g. Most roses will begin to bloom from late May
= blühen

2) to become healthy, happy or confident
SYN = to blossom
e.g. The children had bloomed during their stay on the farm
= erblühen

Front 265

fishing trawls (n)

('fishing 'troul)

Back 265

= Fischernetz

Front 266

trawl (n)

('troul)

Back 266

1) a search through a large amount of information, documents, etc.
e.g. A quick trawl through the newspapers yielded five suitable job adverts

2) (also 'trawl net)
a large net with a wide opening, that is dragged along the bottom of the sea by a boat in order to catch fish

Front 267

fan out (v)

Back 267

to spread out or spread sth out over an area

e.g. The police fanned out to surround the house
e.g. The bird fanned out its tail feathers

= ausschwärmen
= ausbreiten

Front 268

incongruity (n)

Back 268

= Inkongruenz

adj = incongruous

Front 269

sea nettle (n)

Back 269

= Seenessel (=Quellenart)

Front 270

swarm (n) / (v)

('sworm)

Back 270

noun:

1) a large group of insects, especially bees, moving together in the same direction
e.g. a swarm of bees / locusts / flies

2) a large group of people, especially when they are all moving quickly in the same direction
SYN = horde

verb:

1) [+adv. / prep.] (often disapproving) (of people, animals, etc.)
to move around in a large group
e.g. Tourists were swarming all over the island

2) (of bees and other flying insects)
to move around together in a large group, looking for a place to live