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74 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is a fruit?
A mature, ripened ovary, containging seeds.
Define "Berry" and provide examples.
Contains a fleshy mesocarp and endocarp.
Tomato, watermelon, cucumber, bananna, blueberry
What is a drupe?
A drupe has 1 to 2 seeds. It has a fleshy mesocarp but HARD endocarp
Plums, apricots, olives and cherries are what?
Drupes
Why is an avacado not a drupe?
The endocarp is too hard.
Define hesperidium
This is a special kind of berry with a leathery rind and oil glands on the surface.
Give an example of a hesperidium.
Orange, lemon, lime and grapefruit.
What is an accessory fruit. Give examples.
Contain accessory structures. Examples apples, pears, and strawberries
Is the fleshy part of an apple a mesocarp or an accessory part?
Accessory part
Define aggregate fruit
Aggregate fruits are formed from several seperate overaries in a single flower
Give an example of an aggragate fruit
Raspberries, mulberries, and strawberries
What are the small units on a raspberry?
Raspberries have small units. These were small ovaries that formed together.
What is a multiple fruit?
Mulitple fruits are formed by the fusion of fruits of numerous independent flowers.
What is the signifigance of the stem in the middle of a pineapple?
Pineapple has a stem in its center. This stem formed many flowers. The flowers on the stem had ovaries and these ovaries bound together.
What is a seed?
A structure formed by the maturization of an ovule following fertilization.
What are the three parts of a seed?
Embryo, Stored food, seed coat
What is the germ?
The germ functions to absorb food from endosperms.
What is the bran?
Combination of seed coat and ovary wall.
What part of the potato do you eat?
The stem. Stems have eyes
You eat the ___ of brocoli and califlower
The flower
In brussel sprouts and cabbage what part do you eat?
The buds
More than twe sets of chromosomes.
polyploid
How do plants and animal cells differ?
1,Plants have a cell wall full of cellulose and chlorphlasts for photosynthesis.
2. Plants are capable of synthesizing their food from unorganic molecules.
3. Autotroph- capable of synthesing own food.
4. Cell wall is made of cellulose (which is made of glucose)
What is the terminal bud?
The Terminal (apical) bud of a plant is the primary growing point located at the apex (tip) of the stem.
Terminal buds have special tissue, called apical meristem, cells that can divide indefinitely and produces all the differentiated tissue, including vegetative and reproductive organs.
What is the axillary bud?
The axillary bud is an embryonic shoot which lies at the junction of the stem and petiole of a plant.
What is the vascular transport system?
The vascular transport system interconnects all roots, stems, and leaves.
What are the two parts of the vascular transport system?
Xylem and Phyloem
What is the vascular transport system?
This system interconnects all roots, stems, and leaves.
Define xylem and phloem
Xylem- transports waters and minerals
Phloem transports sugars
What is a petiole?
The blade of the leaf
What does the upper epidermis contain?
Stomata.
The stoma complex regulates the exchange of gases and water vapor between the outside air and the interior of the leaf
What is the palisade parenchyma?
a layer of cylindrical cells containing chloroplasts
What is the spongy parenchyma?
Has many intercellules spaces

A layer of cells in the interior of leaves, consisting of loosely arranged, irregularly shaped cells that have chloroplasts. The spongy parenchyma has many spaces between cells to facilitate the circulation of air and the exchange of gases. It lies just below the palisade layer. Also called spongy mesophyll
What is the pericarp?
In fleshy fruits, the outer and often edible layer is the pericarp, which is the tissue that develops from the ovary wall of the flower and surrounds the seeds.

The pericarp itself is typically made up of three distinct layers: the exocarp, which is the most-outside layer or peel, the mesocarp, which is the middle layer or pith, and the endocarp, which is the inner layer surrounding the hollowed ovary or the containing seeds.
What is the endocarp?
Endocarp (Gr. "inside" + "fruit"), is a botanical term for the inside layer of the pericarp (or fruit), which directly surrounds the seeds. It may be membranous as in citrus where it is the only part consumed, or thick and hard as in the stone fruits of the family Rosaceae such as peaches, cherries, plums, and apricots.

In nuts, it is the stony layer that surrounds the kernel of pecans, walnuts, etc., and that is removed prior to consumption
What is the mesocarp?
Mesocarp (Gr. "middle" + "fruit") or Sarcocarp ("flesh" + "fruit"), is the botanical term for the succulent and fleshy middle layer of the pericarp of drupaceous fruit, between the exocarp and the endocarp; it is usually the part of the fruit that is eaten.
What is the exocarp?
Exocarp (Gr. "outside" + "fruit"), is a botanical term for the outermost layer of the pericarp (or fruit). The exocarp forms the tough outer skin of the fruit, which bears oil glands and pigments. The exocarp is sometimes called the epicarp, or, especially in citruses, the flavedo.
Define "simple fruit"
A simple fruit is from a flower that has only one ovary.
Define "dry fruit" and "fleshy fruits"
Pericarp is dry at maturity in dry fruits. In fleshy fruits the pericarp is fleshy at maturity
The pericarp does NOT split at maturity.
Indehiscent
The pericarp splits to release the seeds.
Dehiscent
What is in the shoot of a flower?
The stem and leaves
Fibrous Root system
Lots of little roots
Taproot
One dominant root, and little roots
Flowering plants are put into only ___ groups. Define them
2.
Fibrous Roots are monocots
Taproots are dicots
The root is surrounded by ___
epidermis
Define root cap
Root caps protect delicate buds.
Define root hairs
One root hair is the extension of one call in the epidermis. These are visible unlike other single cells. They can also be long. They are used to increase the surface areas and this helps absorb minerals and water.
What are the three modified root parts?
Aerial Roots, Prop roots, and storage roots (these store fod and we sometimes eat them...ex carrots, raddishes, sweet potatos)
Aerial Roots and prop roots are advantitious roots.. what makes them advantitious?
Adventitious roots develop from a stem or a leaf
These roots develop from the stem. They are used as a bolster
Prop roots
Name parts of a stem
Tendril, Corm, Rhizome, stolon, tuber, storage stem
Part of a stem that is used for viney support
Tendril
(Stem part) Structure where food is stored underground. Looks like a bud. After photosynthesis some food is used and it is stored in this..
Corm
(Stem part) This is an underground storage tissue. EX. Ginger
Rhizome
(Stem part) This part is found abover ground. Ex. Starwberry
Stolon
Tubers
Tubers are various types of modified plant structures that are enlarged to store nutrients. They are used by plants to survive the winter or dry months and provide energy and nutrients for regrowth during the next growing season and they are a means of asexual reproduction.[1] Two different groups of tubers are: stem tubers, and root tubers.
Name the three parts of a modified leaf
Tendril, Bulb and Spine
(Leaf) Viney parts of a leaf
Tendril
(Leaf) One bud must be present. For example, if an onion is left in the kitchen, little green leaves will start growing.
Bulb
A spine is part of a leaf that is used to protect against animals. If it doesn't have a bud is is called a ___
Thorn
A thorn is not a part of a leaf but is a modified ____
Stem
What is a flower?
The reproductive structures of a angiosperm (flowering plants)
A complete flower is made up of these 4 things
Sepals, petals, stamens and pistils
What does the sepal do?
Protect flowers when it is still a bud
Stamen
Made up of anther and filament. This is the male part, and it produces pollen grains. Pollen grain produces sperm.
The female part of the flower.
Pistil
Made up of ovary, a stigma, and a style
Pistil
___ are produced in the ovary. An ___ is produced in the ovule
Ovules, egg
What kind of flower has both the stamen and pistil?
What flower has either stamen or pistil. This flower is either male OR female
Perfect, Imperfect
Define monoecious plant
This means that the male and female flowers are on the same plant. (CORN)
Define dioecious plant
The male and female flowers on on different plants
What is significant about a canopy?
A canopy has both female and male plants
Define Spore
A spore is a reproductive cell that is haploid. It is not capable of fusing with other spores. However, unlike gametes, spores can divide and mulitply itself. They go through mitosis.