Plants

Front 1

Taproot systems

Back 1

large central root.
-not as effective in absorbing water/nutrients.
-can store nutrients/water good for regions that are arid.
ex. carrots & oak trees.

Front 2

Fibrous root system

Back 2

-no single major root
-have more surface area, so absorbs more water & nutrients.
ex. ferns, grasses & chives

Front 3

vascular tissue

Back 3

cells arranged to form tubes through which water, minerals and the products of phtosythesis (sugars) can flow through the plants.
ex. xylem, phloem

Front 4

xylem
(a vessel)

Back 4

transports water and minerals up from the roots. one-way only up

Front 5

Phloem
(a vessel)

Back 5

transports products of photosynthesis (glucose) down from the leaves.

Front 6

the stem

Back 6

acts as the structural support for the plant and provides the framework for leaves, flowers and fruit.

Front 7

Leaves

Back 7

the primary sites of photosynthetic reactions.

Front 8

cuticle

Back 8

waxy coating on an above ground plant structure protect plant from damage and prevent water loss to the air.

Front 9

Stomata

Back 9

tiny pores on a leaf that allow water, oxygen and carbon dioxide etc. to enter or exit the plant

Front 10

plant tissue
4 main types of plant tissue each made up of diffrent cells.

Back 10

1. epidermal tissue
2. vascular tissue
3. ground tissue
4. meristem tissue

Front 11

epidermal tissue

Back 11

-skin layer of plant
-made up of flat epidermal cells that are covered by waxy coat (which makes up cuticle).
Epidermal tissues have guard cells.

Front 12

guard cells
-epidermal tissue

Back 12

-paired cells with an opening between them called a stoma.

Front 13

vascular tissue

Back 13

allows for the transport of water/nutrients. xylem and phloem are the 2 types of plant vascular tissue.

Front 14

Transpiration

Back 14

water evaporates through the stomata in the leaves which creates negative pressure that allows the water column (in xylem) to be continually drawn up through a plant.

Front 15

pholem

Back 15

located on the outer portion of stems and roots.
transports glucose, hormones and other materials from a plants leaves to the rest of the plant body.

Front 16

ground tissue

Back 16

stores food and water and carries out the functions of photosynthesis.
3 types of cells: parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells, sclerenchyma cells.

Front 17

meristem tissue

Back 17

comprises groups of undifferentiated cells. its only function is the creation of new cells that will eventually differentiate. similar to stem cells in animals

Front 18

plant growth

Back 18

undiffrentiated cells produced through mitosis within the meristem tissue are the source of all new plant tissue.

Front 19

primary and secondary growth

Back 19

primary growth: plant lengthens
secondary growth: plant increases in girth

Front 20

Angiosperms

Back 20

the flowering plants make up the largest most diverse phyla in the plant kingdom. divided in structure into 2 main classes monocots and dicots

Front 21

monocots

Back 21

have one cotyledon as embryos, leaves w/parallel veins and fibrous root systems,

Front 22

Dicots
most of angiosperms

Back 22

have 2 cotyledons as embryos, leaves w/cross-hatched patterns of veins, and taproot systems

Front 23

plant reproduction

Back 23

sexual or asexual

Front 24

3 major evolutionary innovations in plants

Back 24

1. the alteration of generations
2.the development of seeds
3.the development of the flower

Front 25

alternation of generation
-major evolution step 1-
development of spores!!!

Back 25

earlist plant forms required water for reproduction (like mosses). the evolution of alternation of generations led to the extension of the diploid stage in plants (plant contains double its gentetic material)
the longer diploid stage led to the development of spores, which broke plants dependence on water and allowed them to move on land.

Front 26

gymnosperms

Back 26

seed producing plants

Front 27

gametophyte
-haploid-

Back 27

A gametophyte is the haploid, multicellular phase of plants and algae that undergo alternation of generations, with each of its cells containing only a single set of chromosomes.

Front 28

sporophyte

Back 28

All land plants, and some algae, have life cycles in which a haploid gametophyte generation alternates with a diploid sporophyte, the generation of a plant or algae that has a double set of chromosomes.

Front 29

The seed
-major evolution step2-

Back 29

the development of the seed led to the rise of gymnosperms, whose reproduction involves the development of 2 gametophytes.
A male pollen
a female ovule
produced in the sporeophyte

Front 30

pollination

Back 30

the male gametopytes are transferred to other plants

Front 31

the flower
-3rd evolutionary step-

Back 31

Flowers are produced among plants in the angiosperm phyla. fertilization occurs with in the flower. Pollination efficiency is increased by the flower, because insects carrying gametes will travel to flowers of the same plant species.

Front 32

angiosperms
large or small

Back 32

the largest plant phyla

Front 33

asexual reproduction

Back 33

some plants (garlic) are asexual and produce clones: individuals genetically identical to their parents.

Front 34

vegetative reproduction

Back 34

is a form of asexual reproduction, pieces of a parent plant form cloned individuals.
ex. stems move along the ground new plants form from the nodes of these stems.

Front 35

apomixis

Back 35

form of asexual reproduction in which the seed is genetically identical to the parent are formed

Front 36

intermediate growth

Back 36

plants grow continuously throughout their lives in a process called intermediate growth

Front 37

plant life cycles 3

Back 37

annual: mature and die in 1 year

biennial: mature and die 2 years

perennial: mature and die of many years (trees)

Front 38

tropism

Back 38

mechanism by why a plant moves towards or away from an external stimulus,

Front 39

phototropism

Back 39

plant moves toward light

Front 40

gravitropism

Back 40

plant bends with gravity

Front 41

thigmotropism

Back 41

plant responds to touch
ex. ivy senses wall and climbs it

Front 42

photoperiod

Back 42

plants rely on a photoperiod, the length of day and night at a particular time of year (changes for seasons)

Front 43

groups of angiosperms based on photoperiod 3 groups

Back 43

short-day plants: flower when day light is short

long-day plants: flower when day light is long.

day-neutral plants: flower whenever there is sufficient daylight

Front 44

phytochromes

Back 44

photoreceptor pigments thought to play a role in the daylight detection of plants. variations in pigment results in different biological responses of the plant