Plants

Front 1

Cytokinins

Back 1

Stimulates Cell Division and differentiation
Inhibits apical dominance

Front 2

Gibberellins

Back 2

Stimulates fruit development, stem elongation, and seed germination

Front 3

Abscisic Acid

Back 3

Inhibits growth primarily during seed dormancy
Closes stomata during water stress

Front 4

Ethylene

Back 4

Promotes fruit ripening
Promotes leaf abscission (shedding of leaves in fall)

Front 5

Auxin

Back 5

Stimulates Stem elongation and root growth
Enhances apical dominance
Regulates development of fruit

Front 6

Meristems

Back 6

Regions of actively dividing tissue (mitosis)

Front 7

Apical Meristem

Back 7

Found on the tips of shoots (stems) and roots

Front 8

Lateral Meristems

Back 8

Only found in woody plants--> allows the plants to grow thicker

Front 9

Monocot

Back 9

Veins usually parallel
Fibrous root system
Floral parts usually in multiples of three

Front 10

Dicot

Back 10

Veins usually netlike
Taproot Usually Present
Floral parts usually in multiples of four or five

Front 11

Mesophyll

Back 11

Contains photosynthetic cells

Front 12

Stomata

Back 12

Pores used for gas exchange on leaf

Front 13

Vascular Tissue

Back 13

(Vein) Transports nutrients and water

Front 14

Cuticle

Back 14

Waxy coating that keeps water in plant

Front 15

Root Functions

Back 15

Absorb water, minerals, and structural balance
Anchors the plant in the soil

Front 16

Root Hairs

Back 16

Increase Surface area for absorption of minerals and water

Front 17

Fibrous Roots

Back 17

Laterally branching roots which grow close to the surface

Front 18

Taproots

Back 18

Large, vertical roots which "tap" into underground water sources (like carrots)

Front 19

Root Pressure

Back 19

Water moves from the soil into the roots and up the plant because of osmotic pressure

Front 20

Transpiration

Back 20

Evaporation of water from the leaves through stomata

Front 21

Cohesion

Back 21

Water molecules are attracted to each other via Hydrogen Bonds

Front 22

Adhesion

Back 22

Water molecules are attracted to the walls of the xylem... this helps minimize the downward pull of gravity

Front 23

Stomata Opening and Closing

Back 23

Sunlight triggers the opening of Potassium Channels in guard cells. This causes potassium ions to enter the cells, which drives osmosis. When the cells swell up with water, they puff out which opens the stoma (pore)

Front 24

Bryophytes

Back 24

Most primitive Plants
lack vascular tissue--take in water through diffusion which forces them to live in moist areas

Front 25

Pterophytes

Back 25

(ferns)
First vascular plants to evolve
Contain true roots and leaves
Like bryophytes, they need water for sperm of one plant to travel to the eggs of another plant
Not adaptive when it comes to reproduction--need water

Front 26

Gymnosperms

Back 26

First seed-producing plants to evolve
Gametes (Male sperm in the form of pollen) are transported via wind and don't need water to reach the egg

Front 27

Angiosperms

Back 27

Flowering Plants
Most transfer pollen with the aid of pollinators
Most diverse plant phylum

Front 28

Plant Problems

Back 28

Water Conservation
Getting access to water/taking it in
Transporting water throughout the plant
Growing vertical towards the sun
Transporting sperm
Embryo Dispersal
Transport pollen efficiently
Transporting seeds efficiently

Front 29

Plant adaptions to prevent water loss and help increase pollination

Back 29

Cuticle, Roots, Vascular Tissue, LIgnified tissue, pollen, seed, flower, fruit
For water loss-- Spine-like leaves (cactus') They have less surface area so less sun hitting htem and protect plant from animals tapping into their water supply (stem)
Xerophyte Leaf
Stomata in depression under leaf--> limits wind around leaf so less transpiration
Waxy Cuticle
Only open up stomata at night

Front 30

Mutualistic Relationship (Plants)

Back 30

Fungus inhabits roots...when fungus absorbs water and minerals, it gets sent up throughout the plant (Increases S.A. of roots)
In return, the plant gives the fungus glucose
Called Mycorrhizae

Legumes-- Type of plants which build nodules that house bacteria. These bacteria "fix" nitrogen into nitrate that the plant can use

Front 31

Parasitic Relationship (Plants)

Back 31

When a parasite attaches to plants and taps into vascular tissue and takes water-->grows on plants

Front 32

Carnivorous Plants

Back 32

Pitcher
Sundew
Venus Fly Trap

These plants live in nitrogen-poor environments and so they extract nitrogen from their prey with the help of digestive enzymes

Front 33

Translocation

Back 33

Movement of sugar through phloem

At the source, phloem cells get packed with sugar causing the cells to become hypertonic. Water rushes in by osmosis creating water pressure that drives the flow of sugar to the sink

Front 34

Pollen Grain

Back 34

Two sperm and a pollen tube cell

Encases Pollen