Plant Unit Test Review

Front 1

Abiotic

Back 1

Describes anything related to nonliving things. Abiotic factors include temperature, humidity, light availability, and soil conditions such as water content, texture, and mineral composition.

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Adventitous roots

Back 2

Roots that develop from a part of the plant other then the root. They often form huge tufts at the base of the stem. There is no main root because most are the same size as the others. However, smaller secondary roots to branch out from these roots.

Front 3

Aerial Roots

Back 3

Adventitious roots that grow from leaf nodes along stems.

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Alleopathy

Back 4

The suppression of growth and development of neighbouring plants by a plant of a different species. This effct is caused by chemicals secreted by the roots or contained in the leaves of the allelpathic species. Not all surrounding plants will suffer the s

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Annual Ring

Back 5

The increase in the amount of secondary xylem during one year. The number of annual rings indicates the age of the woody plant.

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Annual

Back 6

Describes plants which complete their entire life cycle, from seed to reproduction to death, in one year.

Front 7

Apical meristems

Back 7

Regions at the tips of all roots and shoots. They are responsible for the primary growth, which lengthens shoots and roots throughout the life of the plant.

Front 8

Bark

Back 8

The outer leaves in older stems, branches, and trunks. Bark consists of every layer from the vascular cambium outwards: phoem, any remaining cortex, cork cambium, and cork.

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Biotic

Back 9

Describes anything related to living things. Biotic factors are all living things in an area and include interactions within and between species, such as competition and predation.

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Cations

Back 10

Ions with a positive charge

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Coenzymes

Back 11

Organic molecules necessary for the activity of some enzymes.

Front 12

Cofactors

Back 12

Substances necessary for the activity of another substance, usually an enzyme. Coenzymes are organic cofactors.

Front 13

Collenchyma

Back 13

A living groud tissue that offers flexible support for primary growth.

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Companion cells

Back 14

Small cells lying next to the sieve elemnts and directiong their activities.

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Compound leaf

Back 15

A leaf which is divided into two or more leaflets.

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Cork

Back 16

Describes the cells produced by the cork cambium that eventually form a layer of dead cells which provide a protective covering for roots over two tears old. Cork also describes the protective layer.

Front 17

Cork cambium

Back 17

A lateral meristem formed by the pericycle in dicots over two years old.

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Cortex

Back 18

The parenchyma tissue, usually with slightly thicker cell walls, surrounding the vascular tissue in roots and stems.

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Dormant

Back 19

Describes a state of extremly slow biological acitvity. A dormant seed contains a living embryo but it does not grow; it remains protected by a seed coat and sometimes the fruit as well.

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Endodermis

Back 20

A layer of rectangular cells surrounding the vascular cylinder. It is innermost layer of the cortex.

Front 21

Epidermis

Back 21

The outermost cell layer of a multicellular plant experiencing priomary growth.

Front 22

Fibrous Roots

Back 22

Root systems whose primary roots have disinergrated and have been replaced by adventitious roots.

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Guard cells

Back 23

The cells that occur in pairs around each stoma in the epidermis of a leaf or stem. They regulate the opening and closing of the stoma.

Front 24

Heartwood

Back 24

The older, harder, nonliving central wood in tree trunks. It is often darker due to the accumulation of oils and resins and its basic function is to provide support.

Front 25

Herbaceous

Back 25

Describes the feshly stems of annual plants. These stems usually do not survive more then one year, especially if there is a cold winter. They are also called nonwoody stems.

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Hydrophytes

Back 26

Plants living on or in water.

Front 27

Internode

Back 27

The space between two successive nodes on the same stem.

Front 28

Lateral meristems

Back 28

Cylindrical regions in roots and stems. They are responsible for all increases in diameters of roots and stems.

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Leached

Back 29

Washed away as a soluble substance by rain water or a watering system.

Front 30

Legumes

Back 30

A group of angiosperms, including peas,beans, clover and alfalfa, which tend to have nodules containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria on their roots.

Front 31

Macronutrients

Back 31

9 nutrients required by plants in relatively large quantities.

Front 32

Meristems

Back 32

Region of the plant where some cells retain the ability to divide repeatedly by mitosis.

Front 33

Mesophyll

Back 33

The region of photosynthetic cells between the epidermal layers of leaves.

Front 34

Mesophytes

Back 34

Plants that thrive with moderate moisture.

Front 35

Micronutrients

Back 35

8 nutrients required by plants in relatively small quantities.

Front 36

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Back 36

Bacteria that can convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into ammonia ions. they tend to live in nodules on the roots of legumes, and have a symbiotic relationship with the legumes.

Front 37

Nodes

Back 37

The location where the leaves are attatched to the stem.

Front 38

Nodules

Back 38

Swellings on the roots of legumes that contain symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

Front 39

Palisade mesophyll

Back 39

One or two layers of brick shaped cells, rich in chloroplasts and found tightly packed beneath the upper epidermis of most leaves.

Front 40

Parenchyma

Back 40

A living ground tissue that makes up the bulk of the plant body. Parenchyma tissue takes part in several tasks, including photosynthesis, storage, and regeneration.

Front 41

Perennial

Back 41

Describes plants which grow and reproduce repeatedly for many years.

Front 42

Pericycle

Back 42

A thin layer of meristematic cells that surrounds the vascular cylinder.

Front 43

Periderm

Back 43

A protective covering that replaces the epidermis in plants that show extensive secondary growth.

Front 44

Photoperiod

Back 44

The number of daylight hours.

Front 45

Pith

Back 45

The parenchyma tissue at the very center of roots and stems.

Front 46

Pneumatophores

Back 46

Roots which grow upwards into the air to take in oxygen.

Front 47

Primary growth

Back 47

All plant growth originating at apical meristems resulting in increases in length, as well as growth originating at the lateral meristems in the first year of a plant's life.

Front 48

Primary root

Back 48

The first root developed from the seed.

Front 49

Root cap

Back 49

A loose mass of cells forming a protective cap covering the apical meristems of most root tips

Front 50

Root hairs

Back 50

Microscopic extensions of the epidermal cells near the tip of a root. Root hairs function in the absorbtion of waters and minerals.

Front 51

Runners

Back 51

Thin stems which grow along the ground producing roots and shoots at their nodes.

Front 52

Sap

Back 52

The fluid within any part of a plant; mostly found within the xylem and phloem tissues.

Front 53

Sapwood

Back 53

The younger, softer, outer wood in tree trunks that is important for transporting water and dissolved materials as well as for support.

Front 54

Sclerenchyma

Back 54

A ground tissue whose mature cells are dead. These cells have thick walls composed of cellulose and lignin. Sclerenchyma supports mature plants and often protects seeds.

Front 55

Secondary growth

Back 55

Plant growth originating at lateral meristems that results in increased diameters of roots and stems in the second and all subsequent years of a plant's life.

Front 56

Secondary root

Back 56

Smaller root branches growing sideways from a primary root.

Front 57

Sieve tubes

Back 57

Long tubes formed by many sieve elements to allow easy passage of water and disolved minerals.

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Simple leaf

Back 58

A leaf which is not divided into leaflets.

Front 59

Spongy mesophyll

Back 59

A layer of irregularily shaped cells containing chloroplasts between the palisade mesophyll and the lower epidermis of most leaves. Many air spaces are randomly distributed within this layer.

Front 60

Succulents

Back 60

The reproductive spores in which spores are produced.

Front 61

Taproots

Back 61

Root systems where the primary root remains predominent, though very small secondary roots may be present.

Front 62

Toxin

Back 62

A poison produced in the body of a living organism. it is not harmful to the organism itself, but to other organisms.

Front 63

Tracheids

Back 63

xylem cells with tapered, overlapping ends and pits in their cell walls for conducting water and dissolved materials in plants.

Front 64

Translocation

Back 64

The process of moving the products of photosynthesis throughout the plant body through phloem.

Front 65

Transpiration

Back 65

The loss of water through the surfaces of a plant. Most transpiration occur through the leaf stomata.

Front 66

Tubers

Back 66

Thick underground stems specialized for carbohydrate storage and asexual reproduction.

Front 67

Vascular bundles

Back 67

Collections of xylem and phloem tissue, separate from other collections, running longitudally through stems.

Front 68

Vascular cambium

Back 68

A lateral meristem which is responsible for creating xylem and phloem tissue.

Front 69

Vessels

Back 69

Long tubes of vessel elements that are used for conducting water and dissolved materials in plants.

Front 70

Woody

Back 70

Describes stems of perennial plants. They increase in diameter each year as more and more vascular tissue is created. The xylem cells, even after they have died, create the hard, woody tissue called wood.

Front 71

Xerophytes

Back 71

Plants that survive or thrive in area's of very little moisture