Plant Toxicology

Front 1

Describe stabilization and tx (ABC - ACAGE)

Back 1

A- maintain airway
B- assist breathing
C- support circulation
A- antidote when possible
C- cathartics
A- adsorbent
G- gastric lavage
E- emetrics

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Red Maple-
Habitat

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Native to eastern U.S.
Found along roadsides and forests
Planted as landscape tree
May attain a height of 100 ft.

Front 3

Red Maple-
Toxic Principle

Back 3

Toxin Unidentified - has oxidant properties - found in wilted or dried leaves

Oxidizes Hg with formation of Heinz bodies, methemoglobinemia and subsequent hemolytic anemia.

Front 4

Red Maple-
Species Affected?

Back 4

horses and related species

Front 5

What parts of Red Maple are toxic?

Back 5

wilted and dried leaves + bark

Front 6

Red Maple-
Toxicokinetics
When do CS appear?

Back 6

Absorbed thru GI tract - early signs of depression and anorexia appear shortly after ingestion

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Red Maple-
MOA

Back 7

Cells detoxifying mech form excess H2O2 = heinz bodies and anemia with methemogloinemia

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Red Maple-
Hemolytic factors methemoglobin and pyrogallol are caused by __ __.
Where and why does hemolysis, methemogloblin, and Heinz bodies formation occur?

Back 8

Gallic acid
Both intravascullarly (-hemolysis from erythrocyte damage and lysis) and extravascullarly (-hemoglobin oxidation = formation of Heinz bodies)

Front 9

Red Maple-
CS

Back 9

Begin - anorexia & depression --> icterus mucous adn dehydration. = weak horse, tachycardia, brownish membranes, brown urine, increase respiratory rate.... comatose & death

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Red Maple-
Dx

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Hx of exposure, dectection of consumption, or elimination of other DDx

Front 11

Red Maple-
Tx

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symptomatic and supportive
activated charcoal
fluids to maintain kidney function
blood transfusions
ascorbic acid to reduce methemogloin to Hg

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Px

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guarded, even with aggressive tx

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Taxus-
Habitat

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Naturalized throughout many parts of the U.S.
Cultivated plantings quite common
All parts are toxic except the aril encapsulating the seed

Front 14

Taxus-
Toxic Principle

Back 14

Taxine alkaloids

Front 15

Taxus-
Toxicokinetics

Back 15

All kinetic information is based on studies of the antineoplastic compounds.
Metabolism by the liver is primary route of elimination.

Front 16

Digitalis-
Habitat

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Native to Europe; naturalized in Pacific NW
Found along roadsides and meadows.
Grows 2-4' with flowers from white to purple
Biennial; grown as popular ornamental

Front 17

Digitalis-
Toxic Priniple

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Contains several diff. digitalis glycosides
ALL PARTS OF PLANT ARE TOXIC - BOTH FRESH AND DRY

Front 18

Digitalis-
Toxicokinetics

Back 18

Absorbed from GI tract and eliminated hepatic metabolism and in urine. Half-life in K9 is 16-40 hrs. GI involvement including anorexia, colic and diarrhea often precede CV signs

Front 19

Digitalis-
MOT

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Inhibit Na-K pump resulting in primarily intracellular potassium imbalance and cardiac rhythm disturbances

Front 20

Digitalis-
Toxic Dose

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Has not been determine for plant material but blood >3ng/ml are toxic in K9

Front 21

Digitalis-
CS

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anorexia
vomiting
weakness
increased salivation
bradycardia followed by irregular rhythm and tachycardia or ventricular arrhythmias

Front 22

Digitalis-
Dx

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detection of plant disturbance or plant material in GI; serum detection by several analytical methods can be used to confirm

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Digitalis-
Tx

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Evaculation of gut (emetrics and cathartics) and use of adsorbents initially.
Cholestyramine to interrupt entero-hepatic cycle.
Antibodies are available that bind glycoside and are removed by the kidney
Use antiarrhytimic drugs where indicated

Front 24

Digitalis-
Px

Back 24

Early tx and not severe intoxication = good px
Consumption of large amounts of plant = death

Front 25

Prunus-
Sources

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found in the pit of cherry

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Prunus-
Habitat

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One ore more species found throughout the US

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Prunus-
Toxic Principle

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50+ cyanogenic compounds identified

Front 28

Prunus-
MOT

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HCN has a high affinity for Fe+++ in cytochrome oxidase, thus preventing cellular respiration and thereby causing death. Chronic cyanide poisoning from ingestion of low level of HCN may cause neurotoxicity and may even by goitrogenic.

Front 29

Prunus-
CS

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May develop within 10 minutes and include hyperventiliation, convulsions, shock, coma respiratory failure and death.
Bov- apprehensive and excitable
Peracute and includes apprehension, pronounced polypnea the dyspena b/c initally there is stimulation of chemoreceptors in carotid body and respiratory centers.
Pupils dilate adn mucous membrances may be pink and venous blood BRIGHT CHERRY RED.
Weakness, voiding of urine, collapse, paddling and death follow w/n a few minutes. Sublethal cases may recover within the hour

Front 30

Prunus-
Dx

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Hx & CS - levels of HCN

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Prunus-
Tx

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Admin sodium nitrite converts some Hg to methemoglobin, which competes with cytochrome oxidase for CN forming cyanmethemaglobin. This reactivates cytochrome oxidase essential for cellular respiration.
Sodium thiosulfate in teh presence of the enzyme rhodanese combines rapidly with the CN molecule cleaved from cyanmethemaglobin to form nontoxic sodium thiocyanate which is excrete in the urine.

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Prunus-
Px

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Tx b4 respiratory distress = fair px. Rapid onset & w/o specific antidote = grave

Front 33

Datura-
Habitat

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Freshly cultivated fields
Grows 3-5' tall
Erect, branching weed growing from a thick tap-root
Found throughout the US

Front 34

Datura-
Toxic principle

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hyoscamine, scolopolamine, atrophine

Front 35

Datura-
Toxicokinetics

Back 35

Alkaloids absorbed from GI tract.
Dried seeds in feed and fresh plant are both sources.

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Datura-
MOT

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symptoms related to inhibition of PNS; occur w/n minutes to several hours

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Datura-
Dx

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based on symptoms including mydriasis, CNS effects, dry mucous membranes, tachycardia and GI atony. Detection of consumed plant material or in feed

Front 38

Datura-
Tx

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Controlling symptoms and use of tranquilizers if needs. An AChE is antidote.

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Datura-
Px

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death occurs rapidly with high exposure. guarded with CNS involvment

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Allium-
Habitat

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More than 400 species. Wild varieties found in moist meadows and thickets but some species may occur on open hillshides adn in sandy bottom lands. Widely cultivated as commercial crop and in home garden. More floral species grown as ornamental. Found throughout the US

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Allium-
Toxic Prinicple

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N-propyl disulfide

Front 42

Allium-
Toxicokinetics

Back 42

Readily absorbed following consumption

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Allium-
MOT

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Disulfides are involved in the formation of free radicals which can damage the membranes or RBCs causing hemolysis.
Free radicals interact wtih Hg which ppts resulting in Heinz body formation.
High dietary consumption can cause anemia

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Allium-
CS

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Signs of inappetence, ataxia, lethargy, tachycardia, and pale mucous membranes
Odor of onion on breath

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Allium-
Dx

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Hx, CS, pathology

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Allium-
Tx

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CV support and avoid stress
Transfusions

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Allium-
Px

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Severity of anemia and animal species involved will determine the outcome