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159 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

morphology

the study or science of the form, structure, and development of plants.

histology

that science that deals with the microscopic structure of plant and animal tissue.

gymnosperms

a seed plant with seeds not enclosed by a megasporophyll or pistil.

angiosperm

one of a large group of seed bearing plants in which the female gamete is protected within a closed ovary. A flowering plant.

monocotyledons

the subclass of flowering plants that have only a single cotyledon at the first node of the primary stem. AKA monocots.

dicotyledons

the subclass of flowering plants that have two cotyledons. AKA dicots.

radicle

the part of the embryonic axis that becomes the primary root. the first part of the embryo to start growth during seed germination.

plumule

the first bud of an embryo or that portion of the young shoot above the cotyledons

coleorhiza

sheath that surrounds the radicle of the grass embryo and through which the young developing root emerges.

adventitious

refers to structures rising from an unusual place.

coleoptile

a transitory membrane (first leaf) covering the shoot apex in the seedlings of certain monocots; protects the plumule as it emerges through the soil.

pisillate

A flower having pistils but no stamens. Female flower.

staminate

A flower having stamens but no pistils. Male flower.

caryopsis

small, one-seeded, dry fruit with a thin paricarp surrounding and adhering to the seed; the seed (grain) or fruit of grasses.

hypocotyl

portion of stem that is located above the root and below the cortyledon.

apical meristem

a mass of undifferentiated cells capable of division at the tip of a root or shoot. cells multiply by division allowing the plant to grow by height or depth.

epicotyl

the upper portion of the embryo axis or seedling, above the cortyledons and above the first true leaves.

cell

the basic structure and physiological unit of plants and animals.

cytology

the study of cells and their components and of the relationship of cell structure and function.

cytoplasm

the living material of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, consisting of a complex protein matrix or gel. the part of the cell in which essential membranes and cellular organelles are found.

prokaryotic cell

cells in which DNA is not enclosed in a nucleus (i.e. bacteria).

eukaryotic cell

cells that have a nucleus

organelle

a specialized region in a cell that is bound by a membrane (i.e. mitochondria).

nucleus

a dense body in the cytoplasm essential for cellular development and reproduction.

mitochondria

a minute particle in the cytoplasm associated with intracellular respiration.

plastids

the cellular organelles in which carbohydrate metabolism is located.

vacuole

a cavity in the plant's cell bounded by a membrane in which various plant products and by-products are stored.

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

the lamellar or tubular system of the colorless cytoplasm in a cell.

protoplast

the organized living unit of a single cell.

plasmalemma

membrane that surrounds a plant cell.

protein

any of a group of nitrogen-containing compounds that yield amino acids on hydrolysis and have high molecular weights. they are essential parts of living matter and are one of the essential food substances of animals.

ribosome

a protoplasmic granule containing ribonucleic acid (RNA) and believed to be the site of protein synthasis.

chlorophyll

a complex organic molecule that traps light energy for conversion through photosynthesis into chemical energy.

choloroplast

chlorophyll-containing cytoplasmic body in which important reactions of sugar or starch synthesis take place during photosynthesis.

pigments

molecules that are colored by the light they absorb. some plant pigments are water soluble and are found mainly in the cell vacuole.

lipid

any of a group of fats or fat-like compounds insoluble in water but soluble in certain other solvents.

starch

a complex polysaccharide carbohydrate. the form of food commonly stored by plants.

nucleus

a dense body in the cytoplasm

chromosome

a specific, highly organized body in the nucleus of the cell that contains DNA.

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

a molecule composed of repeating subunits of ribose (a sugar), phosphate, and the nitrogenous base adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. genes, the fundamental units of inheritance on chromosomes, are sequences of DNA molecules.

genetic codes

the sequence of nitrogen bases in a DNA molecule that codes for an amino acid or protein. the full sequence of events from the translation of chromosomal DNA to the final stage of the synthesis of an enzyme.

anthocyanin

a class of water-soluble pigments that account for many of the red to blue flower, leaf, and fruit colors. occur in the vacuole of the cell.

tonoplast

membrane that surrounds the vacuole in a plant cell.

cell wall

the outermost, cellular limit of the plant cell; the barrier that develops between nuclei during mitosis.

cellulose

a complex carbohydrate composed of long, un-branched beta-glucose molecules, which make up 40 to 55 percent by weight of the plant cell wall.

middle lamella

the pectic layer lying between the primary cell walls of adjacent cells.

lignin

an organic substance found in secondary cell walls that gives stems strength and hardness. wood is composed of lignified xylem cells.

suberin

a waxy, waterproofing substance in cork tissue.

cutin

a clear or transparent, waxy material on plant surfaces that tends to make the surface waterproof.

plasmodesmata

strand that forms a cytoplasmic connection between two plant cells.

pit

channel in plant cell walls that surrounds plasmodesmata.

tissue

a group of cells of a similar structure that performs a special function.

meristematic tissue

region of actively dividing and differentiating cells.

cambium

a single layer of longitudinally dividing cells between xylem and phloem that gives rise to secondary growth.

tap root

an elongated, deeply growing primary root.

fibrous root

root system characterized by many multi-directional branches.

subapical meristem

region that produces new cells a few micrometers behind an active shoot or apical meristem.

intercalary meristem

a type of meristem, often found in grasses, that lies across a stem or a leaf, resulting in the deposition of new cells between older tissue.

lateral meristem

meristems (buds) found in the axils of leaves on a stem. they may be dormant until the apical (top) meristem is removed or becomes inactive.

vascular cambium

a meristem that produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem cells, found in biennials and perennials.

cork cambium

the meristem from which cork develops.

epidermis

the outer layer of cells on all parts of the primary plant body. it is absent from the root cap and apical meristem.

guard cells

specialized epidermal cells that contain chloroplasts and surround a stoma.

stomata (stoma)

a small opening bordered by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems, through which gases, including water vapor, pass.

parenchyma tissue

a tissue composed of thin-walled, loosely packed, unspecialized cells.

cortex

primary tissue of a stem or a root bounded externally by the epidermis and internally in the stem by the phloem and in the root by the pericycle.

sclerenchyma tissue

supporting or protective tissue in which the cells have hard, lignified walls.

sclereid

a short, thickened cell that provides support or protection in plants.

collencyma tissue

elongated, parenchymatous cells with variously thickened walls, commonly at the acute angles of the cell wall.

xylem

specialized cells through which water and minerals move upward from the soil through a plant.

vessels

a series of xylem elements in the stem and root that conduct water and mineral nutrients.

tracheid

an elongated, tapering xylem cell with lignified pitted wall adapted for conduction and support.

fibers

elongated, tapering, thick-walled, strengthening cells in various parts of the plant.

phloem

a tissue through which nutritive and other materials are translocated through the plant. consists of sieve tube cells, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and fibers.

sieve tube

part of phloem tissue formed by the connecting of sieve cells end to end through which nutrients and other soluble substances flow in plants.

companion cells

cells associated with the sieve tubes in the phloem.

root cap

a mass of hard cells covering the tip of a root and protecting it from mechanical injury.

endodermis

in roots, a single layer of cells at the inner edge of the cortex. separates the cortical cells from the cells of the pericycle.

casparian strip

a secondary thickening that develops on the radial and end was of some endodermal cells.

pericycle

the layer of cells immediately inside the endodermis. branch roots arise from the pericycle.

stele

the vascular tissue and closely associated tissues in the axes of plants. central cylinder of the stem.

vascular system

in seed-bearing plants, this system consists of the pericycle, phloem, vascular cambium, xylem, pith rays, and pith.

phellogen

cork cambium, a cambium layer giving rise externally to cork and, in some plants, internally to phelloderm.

lenticel

an opening made up of loosely arranged cells in the periderm that permits passage of gases.

rhizome

an underground stem, usually horizontal and often elongated; distinguished from the root by a presence of nodes and internodes; capable of producing new shoots.

stolon

a slender, prostrate, above-ground stem.

corm

a short, solid, vertical, enlarged underground stem in which food is stored; contains undeveloped buds.

bulb

a highly compressed underground stem to which numerous storage scales (modified leaves) are attached.

tuber

an enlarged, fleshy, underground tip of a stem.

palisade parenchyma cells

the cell layer in leaves immediately below the upper epidermis; packed with chloroplasts; found in dicots.

spongy mesophyll parenchyma cells

the cell layer in a leaf located between the palisade parenchyma and the lower epidermis; these cells have thin cell walls and are loosely packed.

mesophyll

parenchyma tissue in leaves found between the two epidermal layers.

transpiration

the loss of water vapor through the stoma of leaves.

cuticle

an impermeable surface layer on the epidermis of plant organs.

blade

the thin and often flat part of a leaf.

petiole

the stalk that attaches a leaf blade to a stem.

stipule

appendage at the base of a leaf where it attaches to a stem.

sessile

used in reference to flowers, florets, leaves, leaflets, or fruits that are attached directly to a shoot and not borne on any kind of stalk.

pinnate

leaflets attached to a midrib in a feather-like arrangement.

palmate

arrangements of leaflets of a compound leaf or of the veins in a leaf. characterized by subunits arising from a common point (like fingers from a hand).

trifoliate

leaf with three leaflets attached at the same point (like clover).

bud

a region of meristematic tissue with the potential for development into leaves, shoots, flowers, or combinations; generally protected by modified scale leaves.

flower

floral leaves grouped together on a stem that, in the angiosperms, are adapted for sexual reproduction.

fruit

a mature ovary; in some plants, other flower parts are commonly included as part of the fruit.

seed

the mature ovule of a flowering plant containing an embryo, an endosperm (sometimes), and a seed coat.

inflorescence

an axes bearing flowers; a flower cluster.

genus

a group of structurally or phylogeneticaly related species.

species

a group of similar organisms capable of interbreeding and more or less distinctly different in geographic range and/or morphological characteristics from other species in the same genus.

family

a group of genera (multiple genus).

sepals

the outermost series of floral parts; usually green, leaf-like structures at the base of a flower; collectively they form the calyx.

calyx

the collective term for the sepals.

petal

part of a flower, often brightly colored.

corolla

the collective term for all petals of a flower.

nectary

flower part that secretes nectar.

perianth

the collective term for the petals and sepals of a flower.

stamen

the male reproductive structure of a flower; produces pollen and is composed of a filament on which an anther is borne.

filament

stalk portion of stamen.

anther

the sac like structure of a stamen in which micro-pores (pollen grains) are produced; usually borne on a filament.

pollen

the almost microscopic yellow bodies that are borne within the anthers of flowers and contains the male generative (sex) cells.

androecium

a group or whorl of stamens.

carpel (pistil)

female reproductive organ of flowering plants. in some plants one or more carpels unit to form the pistil.

stigma

the portion of the style to which pollen adheres.

style

slender column of tissue that arises from the top of the ovary in the flower to which the pollen tube grows toward the ovule.

ovary

the basal, generally enlarged part of the pistil in which seeds are formed; at maturity it is a fruit; a characteristic organ of angiosperm plants.

ovule

a rudimentary seed, containing, before fertilization, the embryo sac, including an egg cell, all being enclosed in the nucellus and one or two integuments.

placenta

the tissue within the ovary to which the ovules are attached.

gynoecium

the female part of a flower or pistil formed by one or more carpels and composed of the stigma, style, and ovary.

perfect flower

having both stamens and pistils; a hermaphroditic flower.

staminate flower

a flower having stamens but no pistils; a male flower.

pistillate flower

a flower having pistils but no stamen; a female flower.

imperfect flowers

a flower lacking either stamens or pistils.

monoecious

a plant with separate male and female flowers on the same plant.

dioecious

refers to individual plants having either staminate or pistillate flowers, not both. plants of both sexes must be grown close to each other to provide pollen before fruits and seeds can be produced.

corymb

inflorescence with outer flowers having longer stems than the inner flowers, resulting in a flat top appearance.

cyme

a type of inflorescence that has a broad , more or less flat-topped determinate flower cluster, with the central flower opening first.

raceme

an inflorescence in which flowers on pedicels are borne on a single, unbranched main axis.

spike

an inflorescence that has a central axes on which sessile flowers are borne.

catkin

a type of inflorescence (a spike) generally bearing staminate or pistillate flowers.

panicle

an inflorescence, common in the grass family, that has a branched central axis.

umbel

a type of inflorescence in which flowers are borne at the end of stalks that arise like the ribs of an umbrella from one point.

head

a type of inflorescence, typical of the composite family in which the individual flowers are grouped closely together on a receptacle (like the sun flower)

spadix

an inflorescence with sessile flowers on a fleshy stalk.

pericarp

the fruit wall, which develops from the ovary wall.

simple fruit

a fruit derived from a single pistil.

fleshy fruit

any fruit formed from an ovary that has fleshy or pulpy (not dried) walls at maturity. also, those fruits that include fleshy parts of the perianth, floral tube, or the receptacle.

inferior ovary

an ovary embedded in the receptacle or an ovary whose base lies below the point of attachment of the perianth.

mesocarp

middle layer of the fruit wall (pericarp).

exocarp

the outermost layer of the fruit wall (pericarp).

endocarp

inner layer of the fruit wall (pericarp).

aggregate

many primary soil particles held in a single unit as a clod, crumb, block, or prism.

aggregate fruit

many fruits attached to a single ovary (like blackberries).

multiple fruit

a cluster of matured fused ovaries produced by separate flowers (like pineapple).

embryo

a miniature plant within a seed produced as a result of the union of a male and female gamete and resulting in the development of a zygote.

zygote

a protoplast resulting from the fusion of gametes; the beginning of a new plant in sexual reproduction.

cotyledons

leaf-like structures at the first node of the seedling stem. in some dicots, cotyledons contain the stored food for the young plant not yet able to photosynthesize its own food. often referred to as seed leaves.

albuminous seed

seed that stores most of its food in the endosperm (like cereal grains).

exalbuminous seed

seed that stores little or no food in the endosperm, but usually in cotyledons (like beans).

testa

protective tissue derived from the integuments that cover a seed. also known as "seed coat."

integuments

the tissue covering or surrounding the ovule, usually consisting of an inner and outer layer; later become the seed coats of the mature ovary.