Plant Pathology Vocab

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abiotic

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chemical and physical factor not pertaining to life.

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Aerosols

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a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in a gas.
Aerosol spray: Liquids under pressure are let out a small hole creating an aerosol.

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agar

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algae derived jellylike material used for solidifying liquid culture media.

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Alternate host

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one of 2 kinds of plant required by a heteroecious rust fungus to complete it's life cycle ...usually one host is more economically important than the other.

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anaerobic

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living in the absence of oxygen

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Anastomoses

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fusion between branches of the same or different structures (eg. hyphae) to create a network.

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Anthracnose

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disease caused by acervuli (ascomycetes, bear conidia)- forming and characterized by dark, sunken lesions and necrosis (like my tomatoes)

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Antibiotic

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a chemical compound produced by one microorganism that inhibits growth or kills the other microorganism.

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antibody

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a specific protein formed in animals in response to the presence of a pathogen

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What significant work was done by Anton deBary?

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After Poatato famine, he proved that the fuzzy white (fungal) growth, P. infestans, was the cause of the disease rather than the result.
**This established germ theory of disease in plants. (pre- animal germ theory!)

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Who was the "father of plant pathology?"

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Anton deBary
(potato famine guy)

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apothecium (pl. apothecia)

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open cup-like, ascus (sac) bearing fungal fruiting body (ascocarp) , often supported on a stalk.

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appressorium (pl. appressoria)

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swollen flattened portion of a fungal filament that adheres to the surface of a higher plant, providing anchorage for invasion by a fungus

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ascomycetes

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group of fungi that produce spores in an ascus (saclike structure).
eg. morels, cup fungi.

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Ascus

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saclike structure containing (usually 8) spores borne in a fungal fruiting body.

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Autoecious

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fungus that has one species of host plant

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3 types of ascocarps ("sac fungi", "cup fungi", ascomycetes)

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1. Cleistothecium (closed)
2. Perithecium (small opening, aka pseudithecium)
3. apothecium ("upon," open)

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Watermolds: what are the sexual and asexual spores types?

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Sexual: oospores (thicj walled, overwintering)

Asexual: sporangia (single or multiple propagules...multiple: motile zoospores.

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another word for the SEXUAL stages of fungal spores?

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Perfect
teleomorphic
*offical names are based on this sexual stage, except in deuteromycetes, where no sexual stage has been observed.

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another word for the ASEXUAL stages of fungal spores?

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Imperfect,
anamorphic

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What are zoospores?

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the motile asexual spores of oomycetes.

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zygomycetes (bread molds): what are the sexual and asexual spores types?

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Sexual: zygospores

Asexual: (non-motile) sporangiospores

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Basidiomycetes (club fungi, mushrooms): what are the sexual and asexual spores types?

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Sexual: basidiospores (produced in basidia, 4 per basidium)
also Teliospores- the overwintering sexual spores of rusts and smuts

Asexual: urediospores (rusts, functionally = to conidiaspores)
and chlamydospores (overwintering spores of smut fungi)

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Ascomycetes (sac fungi):: what are the sexual and asexual spores types?

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Sexual:Ascospores

Asexual: Conidia

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what are mushroom's functional equivalent to tree roots?

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rhizoids

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Where are conidia produced?

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conidiophores

conidiophores are produced on either: pycnidia,synnemata (dutch elm), sporodochia, or acervuli

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Where are ascospres produced?

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in an ascocarp, either cleistothecium, perithecium or apothecium

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Deuteromyetes bear what kind of reprodyuctive structures?

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conidia
know known sexual stage!!

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What is the sequence of spores produced by wheat stem rust?

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Basidiospores--> Pycnidiospores--> Aeciospores--> Urediniospores--> Teliospores--> etc

(BPAUT)

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Most important stage in stem rust? infectious stage

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Uredineospres

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Which stage of stem rust is the overwintering stage?

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Teliospores

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What structure in wheat stem rust holds aeciospores?

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Aecium - a cuplike structure on underside of leaf of secondary host. These spores penetrate wheat stomata and produce the urediospores.

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Autotroph

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synthesizing metabolites from inorganic substances; self feeding

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Avirulent

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unable to cause disease

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bactericide

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agent (chem or phys) that kills bacteria

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basidiomycetes

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characterised by basidiospores on basidia. Mushrooms, aka "club fungi"

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bioassay

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any test using a living organism. usually refers to the study the effects of drugs or pollutants on organisms.

Assay: to put to the test, judge the quality of.

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blight

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sudden, severe and intense spotting, discoloration and wilting of the various parts of plants.

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canker

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wood disease: death of cambium and deformed bark

in non-woody's, this can refer to a lesion on a stem

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center of origin

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geographic area where a plant originated

importance: we look for new strains and resistance at the COO's.

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Chlorosis

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failure of chlorophyll development due to nutritional disturbance. Causes the plant to lose its green.

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Cleistothecia

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closed, globose ascocarps from which the ascospores are released only by its rupture or decay.

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conidium

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asexual,non-motile fungal spore that develops externally or is liberated from the cell that produced it.
synonomous with uridiospores

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cultivar

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plant type within a species- result of genetic manipulation
Eg. honeycrisp

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culture

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growth of organism on nutrient media

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culture medium

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a liquid or gel designed to support the growth of microorganisms or cells, or small plants
common: agar

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damping off

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death of a seedling, either pre or post- emergence. Result of root/lower stem decomposition

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dieback

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progressive death of plant parts beginning at the tips.
eg: one of my impatiens plants

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disease

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abnormal functioning of an organism

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disease triangle

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3 things needed for plant disease:
susceptible plant
virulent pathogen
favorable environment (moisture often most important for fungi)

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dissemination

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the spread of disease from a diseased plant to healthy plants

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ELISA

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Enzyme
Linked
ImmunoSorbent
Assay
Uses color indicator enzymes to detect the presence of an antibody or an antigen in a sample

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Enation

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abnormal outgrowth from the surface of a stem or leaf

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Epidemic

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serious outbreak of disease in a population

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epiphytotic

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an epidemic in a plant population

replace dem (people) with Phyto (plants) ...epidemic, minus people, sub plants. :)

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exudate

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liquid discharged/excreted from a diseased plant tissues or fungi

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faculatative parasite

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normally saprophytic, but is capable of being parasitic

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Faculatative saprophyte

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normally parasitic, but is capable of being saprophytic

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fastidious

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prokaryotes: having special growth & nutritional requirements

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fleck

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minute discolored spot on green tissue

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formae specialis

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A taxonomic group within a pathogenic species that is defined in terms of it's HOST RANGE

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gall

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aka "tumor"
often sperical swollen growth, produced by a plant as the result of attack from neamotodes, insects, fungi, etc.

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genetic uniformity (application for plant path)

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a major cause of vulnerability to disease epidemics

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green island effect

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A green ring of tissue in a senescent (aged) leaf surrounding an individual rust pustule.

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haustorium

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specialized branch of a parasite which absorbs host nutrients (roots)

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heteroecious

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requiring 2 hosts for life cycle, as in rusts
(contrasts to autoecious)

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heterothallic

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a mycelia that can only mate with another genetically different mycelia

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homothallic

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self fertile: sex can occur with a single thallus (vegetative body)

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host range

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the range of plants on which a parasite feeds

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hyperplasia

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abnormal increase in the number of cells: often results in galls/tumors

eg: cedar "apples"

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hypersensitivity

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extreme response to pathogen

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hypertrophy

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abnormal increase in the size of cells of tissue, organ: results in tumors/galls

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hypha(e)

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the individual threads of a mycelium :the basic structural unit of a fungus

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in vitro

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artificial environment, outside the host

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in vivo

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within a living organism

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infectious disease

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capable of spreading from plant to plant

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inoculate

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insert pathogen into a healthy tissue

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inoculum

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pathogen capable of casing infection when transferred to a favorable environment

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late blight:
scientific name, type of fungus?

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Phytophthora infestans is an oomycete (water mold)
(zoospores (vegetative) infect leaves and tubers, karyogamy within plant produces oospores which undergo meiosis!!)

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latent

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symptomless infection

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leaf spot

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lesion restricted to a smallish size

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mildew

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thin coating of mycelium and spores on the surface of plants

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What is the scientific name for water molds?

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oomycetes
aka chytrids

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what is the scientific name for bread molds?

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zygomycetes

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What kind of fungi are rusts?

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basidiomycetes

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what kind of fungi are yeast?

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ascomycetes

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What kind of fungi are penicillin?

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deuteromycetes

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how many pores per..
ascus?
basidium?

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ascus: 8
basidium: 4

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mollicute

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aka spiroplasma, phytoplasma

prokaryote lacking a cell wall and bound by flexuous (winding) membrane

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mosaic

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disease characterized by non-uniform coloration. (light green and yellow patches) Usually associated with a virus

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mycelium

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mass of hyphae

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MLO's micoplasma-like organisms

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archaic term for phytoplasma

a plant parasitic pleomorphic (shape shifter) mollicute found in phloem.

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mycotoxins

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poison from a mushroom

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necrotic

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dead

necrotic lesions = lesions of dead tissue

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non-obligate parasite

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parasites that can live saprophytically under the right conditions

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non-infectious disease

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caused by abiotic agent: not transmitted

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obligate parasite

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a parasite that can only be grown with its host plant: not on artificial media
eg:MLO's, viruses

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parasitic higher plant

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plants that parasitize plants, eg. mistletoe, and dodder

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pathovar

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a subdivision of plant pathogenic bacteria characterised by its host (syn to forma specialis for fungi)

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perithecium

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flask shaped fruiting body containing ascospores : spores expelled through pore

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differentiate between:
pycnia/pycnidia

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Pycnia: RUST fruiting body containing pycnidiospores

PycnIDia: Ascomycete fruiting body containing conidia (asexual spores)

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phytoplasma

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a plant parasitic pleomorphic (shape shifter) mollicute found in phloem.
aka MLO (obligate parasite)

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primary inoculum

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inoculum from an overwintering source that initiates the disease in the field.

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pustule

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blister formed from spore emergence

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pycnidium

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Ascomycete fruiting body containing conidia (asexual spores

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pycnium

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RUST fruiting body containing pycniospores

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race

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subgroup within a species, distinguished from other races by virulence,symptom expression & host range, but not morphology

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Robert Hooke

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published "Micrographia"
coined the term "cell"

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Koch's 4 postulates

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Koch's postulates are:
The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms.
The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture.
The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.
The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.

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Robigo

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a form of wheat rust, and has a reddish or reddish-brown color.

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sanitation

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destruction or removal of infected plants or plant parts

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saprophyte

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obtains nutrients from non-living organisms

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sclerotium

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a compact mass of hardened fungal hyphee or mycelium containing food reserves, resistant to extreme conditions.

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secondary incoculum

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produced by infections that took place during the growing season (not over-wintered)

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Serology

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a method using specificity of the antibody-antigen reaction to ID antigenic substances and the organisms that carry them.

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antigen

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foreign body that induces antibody formation in animals

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spiroplasma

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mollecute prokaryote: lacking a cell wall and bound by flexuous (winding) membrane

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sporangium

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sac that produces and indefinite amount of asexual spores

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sporulate

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produce spores

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strain

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form of a virus within a species, differing in biology, chemistry or physics.

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stylet

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straw-like feeding organ of a parasitic sap sucker- eg aphids

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thallus

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vegetative body of a fungus

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tylosis

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balloon-like compartmentalization of infected cells from contiguous cells

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uredospore

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the asexual dikaryotic stage
repeating stage, produced in uredinium.

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What 2 rust spores are dikaryotic?

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aeciospores
(which give rise to)
uredospores

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vector

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organism which can spread disease

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Virescent

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the greening of normally non-green tissues

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viroid

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an infectious naked circular RNA

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Waldsterben

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Death of the black forest in Germany:
the symptoms of tree decline in central Europe from the 1970s, considered to be caused by atmospheric pollution

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wilt

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vascular disease which disrupts water uptake

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witches' broom

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disease symptom characterized by many small stunded shoots arising from the same point

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zoospore

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spore with flagella- can move in water. Asexual spores of Oomycetes (aka chytrids).

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clamp connection

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present in some septa of basidiomycete hyphae
looks like a bubble/bean under SEM.

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plasmogamy

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bring 2 compatible haploid nuclei into one cell before karyogamy and meiosis

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karyogamy

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nuclear fusion after plasmogamy

Forms diploid nucleus, precedes meiosis

eg: teliospore phase

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Meiosis in fungi

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the diploid nucleus creates 4 recombinant nuclei (basidiospores)

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teleomorphic

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the sexual "perfect" stage

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anamorphic

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the asexual "imperfect" stage

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in rusts, during what stage does karyogamy take place?

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Teliospores: n+n ==> 2n

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metabasidium

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The cell in which meiosis occurs in members of the Basidiomycotina.

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parasexualism

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recombination is based on mitosis rather than meiosis, using a heterokaryon
(a cell that contains multiple, genetically different nuclei).

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heterokaryon

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a cell that contains multiple, genetically different nuclei.

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spermatia

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same as pycnia/spermagona

(from rust life cycle)

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economically important stage of White pine blister rust?

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Aecial blisters girdle the tree.

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dead branches are termed...

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flagging

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what stage is missing from cedar apple rust?

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Uredial
No repeating stage.

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Cedar apple rust: which stages are on the cedar, which are on the apple?

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Cedar: only telial galls/horns
Apple: Basidiospores, pycnia and aecia

no urdeospores, no repeating stage

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mushroom cap is called..?

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pilleus

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mushroom "stem" is called?

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stipe or stalk

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hymenium

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the fertile layer

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cystidia

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hold the gills of a mushroom apart

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sterigma

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the point on a basidia to which the basidiospore is attached

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wheat stem rust's alternate host?

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barberry

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alternate host for white pine blister rust?

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ribes
aka currant, gooseberry

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stages present in corn smut?

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Teliospores (in gall)
basidiospores
dikaryotic mycelium forms the gall again

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stages found in soybean rust?

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Uredospores (repeating), basidiospores and telia.

(no known alternate host)

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coenoytic

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hyphae are non-septate, as in late blight (an oomycete)