Plant Nutrition And Transport Ii

Front 1

What are the two possible routes that a substance can travel into the xylem?

Back 1

intracellular
extracellular

Front 2

selectively permeable epidermal cell -> cytoplasm -> endodermis -> xylem

Back 2

intracellular route

Front 3

hydrophillic walls and extracellular spaces of root hairs -> casparian strip -> endodermis -> xylem

Back 3

extracellular route

Front 4

a continuous waxy barrier that stops water and solutes from entering the xylem
forces substances to travel the extracellular route to an endodermal cell

Back 4

casparian strip

Front 5

The upward push of xylem sap in a vascular plant, caused by the active pumping of minerals into the xylem by root cells

Back 5

root pressure

Front 6

The upward pulling of xylem sap from the leaves due to water loss

Back 6

transpiration

Front 7

Transpiration can pull water u due to _____ and _____.

Back 7

adhesion and cohesion

Front 8

the sticking together of molecules of the same kind (eg. water)

Back 8

cohesion

Front 9

the sticking together of molecules of different kinds

Back 9

adhesion

Front 10

Transpiration exerts a pull that is relayed downward along a string of water molecules held together by cohesion and helped upward by adhesion

Back 10

transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism

Front 11

control the opening of a stoma by changing shape, widening or narrowing the gap between the two cells

Back 11

guard cells

Front 12

A stoma opens when its guard cells gain ____ ions. The cells actively take up ___ and then _____ enters by osmosis. When the gaurd cells gain ___ they become turgid and seperate allowind CO2 and sunlight in.

Back 12

potassium
potassium
water
water

Front 13

In angiosperms, phloem contains food-conducting cells called _____ arranged end to end as tubes.

Back 13

sieve-tube members

Front 14

may contain inorganic ions, amino acids, and hormones but its main solute is disaccharide sucrose.

Back 14

phloem sap

Front 15

a plant organ that is a net producer of sugar

Back 15

sugar source

Front 16

an plant organ that is a net consumer or storer of sugar

Back 16

sugar sink

Front 17

The building of water pressure at the source end and the reduction of that pressure at the sink end cause water to flow from source to sink - down a gradient if hydrostatic pressure

Back 17

pressure flow mechanism

Front 18

a macronutrient important in the formation of cell walls, and it combines with certain proteins to form a glue that holds plant cells together in tissues...helps maintain structure of cell membranes and regulate their selective permeability

Back 18

calcium

Front 19

crucial cofactor for some enzymes...the main solute for osmotic regulation in plants...regulate the opening and closing of the stomata

Back 19

potassium

Front 20

a component of chlorophyl (essential for photosynthesis)...cofactor for several enzymes

Back 20

megnesium

Front 21

a plant must obtain this to complete its life cycle

Back 21

essential element

Front 22

plants require relatively large amounts of these

Back 22

macronutrients

Front 23

elements that plants need in very small amounts

Back 23

micronutrients

Front 24

a mechanism by which root hairs take up certain positively charged ions (cations)

Back 24

cation exchange

Front 25

How do the root hairs maintain a net negative charge?

Back 25

the root hairs release H+
absorbing NO3-

Front 26

the remains of partly decayed material

Back 26

humus

Front 27

most of the nutrients is on the ____ layer

Back 27

topsoil

Front 28

what is the most common nutrition problem in plants

Back 28

nitrogen deficiency

Front 29

For plants to use nitrogen it must be converted into _____ or _____

Back 29

ammonium (NH4+) or nitrate (NO3-)

Front 30

a metabolic process by certain soil bacteria that turns N2 into ammonia (NH3)

Back 30

nitrogen fixation

Front 31

bacteria that metabolize N2 into nitrate (NO3-)

Back 31

nitrifying bacteria

Front 32

bacteria that provide ammonium through the breakdown of organic matter (humus)

Back 32

ammonifying bacteria

Front 33

What is nitrogen used for?

Back 33

making amino acids

Front 34

Together, roots and fungi form a mutaully beneficial structure called a ____.

Back 34

mycorriza (fungus root)

Front 35

roots can only form mycorrizae when...

Back 35

they are exposed to the right kind of fungus

Front 36

A swelling on a plant root consisting of plant cells that contain nitrogen fixing bacteria

Back 36

nodule

Front 37

Each legume is associated with a particular strain of _____.

Back 37

rhizobium

Front 38

a plant that grows on another plant

Back 38

epiphyte

Front 39

carnivorous plants are most common in places where the soil is deficient in _____ and _____

Back 39

nitrogen
minerals