Plant Molecular Biology Exam 1

Front 1

Green Algae

Back 1

unicellular photosynthetic plant

Front 2

What are the Bifurcations in order?

Back 2

1. Green algea & embrophytes

2. Embryophtes: Vascular splits off from Non-Vascular

3. Vascular: Seed splits off from Non-Seed

4. Vascular Seed: Angiosperms split off from Gymnosperms

Front 3

what are 3 types of non-vascular plants?

Back 3

Liverwarts
Hornwarts
Mosses

Front 4

What are 3 types of Vascular Non-seed plants?

Back 4

Club Mosses
Horse tails
Ferns

Front 5

What are 2 groups of Vascular Seed plants?

Back 5

Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

Front 6

Gymnosperms

Back 6

ovules on scales

naked seeds- unenclosed condition of the seeds found naked on the scales of a cone

Front 7

What are 3 types of Gymnosperms?

Back 7

Cycads
Conifers
Ginkos

Front 8

What are 3 types of Angiosperms?

Back 8

Magnolid Complex
Eudicots
Monoctsyledons

Front 9

Magnolid Complex

Back 9

They are characterized by trimerous flowers, pollen with one pore, and usually branching-veined leaves.

Front 10

Monocotyledons or monocots

Back 10

one cotyledon (seed-leaf)

Front 11

Eudicots

Back 11

"true dicotyledons"

seed typically has two embryonic leaves or cotyledons.

pollen have three or more pores set in furrows called colpi

Front 12

What are 2 examples of Magnolid Complex?

Back 12

Liriodendron tulipfera (tulip tree)
Magnolia grandiflora

Front 13

What are 2 examples of Monocotyledons?

Back 13

Lilium michiganense (Michigan lily)
Zea mays (maize, corn)

Front 14

What are 2 examples of Eudicots?

Back 14

Antirhinum (snap dragon)
Glycine max (soybean)

Front 15

Plants don't have which organelles

Back 15

Lysosomes
Centrioles

Front 16

The discovery of non-Mendelian inheritance

Back 16

Carl Correns

Erwin Baur

Front 17

4 o’clock plant follows what kind of plastid inheritance?

Back 17

Maternal-Corren

Front 18

snap dragon follows what kind of plastid inheritance?

Back 18

Maternal- Baur

Front 19

Are all variegated plants follow maternal inheritance/ Non-Mendellian?

Back 19

No, arabidopsis has variegated based on nuclear genes that affect plastid & mitochondrion

Front 20

Rubisco

Back 20

Uniparental Maternal

CO2 + Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate +H2O --> 2* 3-Phosohoglycerate
1 5C --> 2 3C

Front 21

do any parasitic plants harm crop plants?


Are all parasitic plants small?

Back 21

Yes, Dodder

No, Rafflesia arnoldii: parasitic plant w/worlds largest flower

Front 22

What is the pathway of Carbon in Calvin cycle

Back 22

CO2 --> 3-Phosphoglycerate
--> 1,3Bisphosphoglycerate
--> Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate
--> Ribulose 5-phosphate
--> Ribulose 1,5-Bisphosphate

Front 23

This molecule from the Calvin cycle is transported from stroma into cytosol to make sucrose

Back 23

Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate

Front 24

sucrose synthesis from Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate

Back 24

2) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
-->1) Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
--> Fructose 1-Phosphate
--> Glucose 1-phsophate
--> 1UDP Glucose
1UDP Glucose + Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
--> Sucrose (12C)

Front 25

Rubisco Carboxylase/Oxygenase

Back 25

Oxygenase activity: Photorespiration

Front 26

Photorespiration: step 1

Back 26

Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate + O2
--> 3 Phosphoglycerate + phosphoglycolate

Front 27

Photorespiration: step 2

Back 27

phosphoglycolate + H2O --> glycolate (2C) + Pi

Front 28

Photorespiration: Step 3

Back 28

glycolate + glycolate --> Glycerate (3C)+ CO2

Front 29

Photorespiration Step 4

Back 29

Glycerate + ATP --> 3-phosphoglycerate

Front 30

Why photorespiration?

Back 30

stomate closes with little water ->depleating CO2 levels
Photorespiration generates CO2

Front 31

C4 plants use this enzyme to grab CO2

Back 31

PEP Carboxylase
CO2 + PEP --> Oxaloacetate

Front 32

What are the benefits of C4?

Back 32

faster under high light/temp b/c CO2 is delivered directly to Rubisco

PEP Carboxylase brings in CO2 faster, loose less water through stromata

Front 33

anataomical & biochemical differences btw C3 & C4 plants

Back 33

C3: carbon fix & Calvin happen in mesophyll cells with O2 present

C4: bundle sheath-chloroplasts;
carbon fixed in mesophyll cells
-> bundle sheath cells where Calvin Cycle w/out O2

Front 34

C4 pathway

Back 34

CO2 + PEP -> PEP carboxylase -->
Oxalacetate
Oxaloacetate +NADPH+H --> malate
malate --> bundle sheeth cell
malate + NADP --> Pyruvate + CO2

Front 35

Inheritance of Rubisco:
Large Subunit?

Small Subunit?

Back 35

Large: Plastid inheritance: Maternal

Small: followed Mendelian -Nuclear

Front 36

this inhibits a 70S chloroplast ribosome

Back 36

Chloramphenicol

Lincomycin

Front 37

This inhibits an 80S ribosomes

Back 37

Cycloheximide

Front 38

rbc1

Back 38

plastid gene from Rubisco

Front 39

Cashmore: experimental

Back 39

Pulse-Chase w/S-35
S-35Met incorporated into protein
Immunoprecipitate: Rubisco
SDS-PAGE: separates subunits by MW
Auto radiography: now can see Protein w/S35

Front 40

Cashmore: basics

Back 40

wanted to fig where Rubisco parts are made
CAM:chloramphenicol to inhibit 70s
CHI: to inhibit 80S

Large: chloroplasts
Small: Nuclear

Front 41

AA target sequence

Back 41

N-term

Front 42

this is the gene for the large subunit

Back 42

rbcL

Front 43

Rubisco activase

Back 43

Stroma
formation of the critical carbamate in the active site of RuBisCO

Rubisco's catalytic chaperone

Front 44

Protein Import Mito Matrix

Back 44

TOM (Translocaon Outer Membrane)
TIM (Translocon Inner Membrane)
Hsc70-Chaperon
signal sequence is cleaved

Front 45

Protein import chloroplasts

Back 45

Toc
Tic

additional level of targeting for thylakoid lumen (2 pathways, 1 shared w/mito

Front 46

Thylakoid protein import

Back 46

Toc
Tic
cleave 1st part of N-term

2 Paths: SRP(Plastocyanin) or DpH (metal binding)

after imported the final signal seq is clipped

Front 47

Tic/Toc

Back 47

Chloroplast TOC has GTP but TOM doesn’t

SSP cleaves Signal Sequence

Front 48

Hsp70

Back 48

1. binds protein & ATP
2. (DnaJ/Hsp40 help) fold & use ATP
3.(GrpE/Bag1 help) exchange ADP/ATP
4. folded protein leaves & DnaK binds

Front 49

Chaperonin

Back 49

Hsp60
only in Mito & Chloro; Not in Cytosol;
ATPase, Barrel

Protein + GroEL (dimmer)
-> + ATP + GroES (Cap)
--> uses ATP & Folds protein

Front 50

Support for endo-symbionic

Back 50

1. double membrane
2. Prokaryotic like DNA
3. Prokaryotic like ribosomes
4. Proteins of organelle origin have N-formylmethionine start
5. structure and biochemistry of plastids is similar to cyanobacteria
6. Mito- prokayotic like enzymes & transport systems
7. Mito & Chloro ~ binary fission

Front 51

Beechgrove

Back 51

parasitic roots

Front 52

Dodder

Back 52

Parasitic: wrapping around bark
Largest flower

Front 53

what kind of plastid inheritance does Pelargonium (geraniums) have?

Back 53

Uni-Maternal
Bi-Parental
Uni-Paternal

Front 54

yeast have this type of mito inheritance

Back 54

Paternal

Front 55

green alge hase what kind of plastid inheritance?

Back 55

Uni-Maternal
Bi-Parental

Front 56

Sequoia inheritance

Back 56

Plastid & Mito: UniPaternal

Front 57

Blue Mussel inheritance

Back 57

always Uni: Either Um or Up

- DUI (doubly uniparental inheritance) only in this mussel group

Front 58

Mech for gernaium plastid inheritance

Back 58

Zygotic Stochastic exclustion of plastids from embyonic tissue

Front 59

can plants optimize absorption of light by leaves?

Back 59

yes, heliotropism (leaf solar tracking), phototropism
Driven by blue light
flavoprotein, chloroplast can move if too much/little light

Front 60

Production of Pollen grain

Back 60

Microspore mother cell -> 2 rounds of Meiosis
-> Microspore
-> haploid microspore -> Mitosis
->pollen grain

Front 61

Pollen grain: Nuclei

Back 61

Haploid tube nucleus->join 2 haploid nuclei of central cell (endosperm mother cell)

Haploid generative Nucleus -> join egg nucleus

Front 62

Maternal Inheritance

Back 62

generative cell
Organelles excluded

Front 63

geranium generative cells have ?

Back 63

mito & plastids

only plastid is Both

Front 64

Bannanas have what kind of organell inheritance

Back 64

Generative cells have mito

Mito: Paternal
plastid: Maternal

Front 65

Rododendron organell inheritance is special b/c?

Back 65

has plastid DNA in generative cells & shows Bi-Paternal inheritance

Front 66

kiwi organelle inheritance

Back 66

generative cells have plastids
Paternal Plastids

Maternal Mito

Front 67

Arabidopsis thalliana

Back 67

thale cress

Maternal- Plastids & MIto

Front 68

EtBr

Back 68

stains Nuclear DNA orange

Front 69

DiOC6

Back 69

stains Mito/Chloro green
Mito DNA yellow

Front 70

Wheat plastid inheritance

Back 70

persent in generative cell but Uni-Maternal

Front 71

angiosperm organelle inheritance

Back 71

most have maternal inheritance for mito/chloro
potential for biparental

Front 72

tomato organelle inheritance

Back 72

Maternal-Mito & Plastid

Sperm has Mito
Promotes genes for plastid polarization

Front 73

Potato

Back 73

Maternal: Mito * Plastid
Early generator has plastid

Sperm: Mito
promotes genes for plastid degeneration
Blocks genes for plastid polarization

Front 74

geranium inheritance

Back 74

Plastids: Bi-Paternal

generative cells: Mito & Plastids
Sperm: Mito & Plastid

Mito & Plastid DNA increases during sperm development

blocks genes for plastid polarization & degradation

Front 75

these plants block genes for plastid polarization & degrad

Back 75

Spider plant (Bi-Parental)

Geranium

Front 76

these plants promote genes for plastid polarization

Back 76

Spider Plant (Maternal)
Tomato

Front 77

polarization

Back 77

PMI-Metaphase
plastids are moved to area that will become vegitative cell

Front 78

Inheritance Mech

Back 78

promote polarization: (P+)

promote Plastid degeneration: (D+)

Increase Plastids/plastid DNA: (I+)

Front 79

Why move plastid genes to nucleus?

Back 79

Reactive Oxy generated by photosyntheis

advantagous for genes to be in a sexual pool

allows for regulated expression to integrate easier with other genes

Front 80

strategy for testing whether exceptional transmission of plastids

Back 80

use antibotic resistance

Front 81

Two classes of plastid RNA polymerase in plants

Back 81

Eubacteria type: Plastid Encoded RNA Pol (PEP)

Nuclear Encoded plastid RNA Pol (NEP)

Front 82

Eubacter type plastid Enoded RNA Pol
(PEP)

Back 82

uses nuclear encoded sigma factors

Front 83

Nuclear Encoded plastid RNA Pol
(NEP)

Back 83

Arabidopsis has 3 NEP genes
1. RPOTm found in mitochondria
2. RPOTp found in plastids,
3. RPOTmp found in BOTH
Monocots examined so far lack RPOTmp

Front 84

when plastid Pols are active

Back 84

NEP 1st

then switch to PEP

Front 85

the 4 stages of photosynthesis

Back 85

Light adsorption, gen e-& O2

e- trans, proton-motive force

ATP synthesis

CO2 fixation, carbohydrate synthesis

Front 86

rbcL

Back 86

Rubisco large subunit
cp-gene

Front 87

who is Dr. Norman Borlaug & why did he win noble prize?

Back 87

disease resistant wheat
2X -> 4X prduction
Peace Prize

Front 88

e- transport

Back 88

PSII extracts e- from water
-> Plasto Quinone (PQ)
-> Cyt b6 f
-> Plasto-Cyanin (PC, found in lumen)
-> PS I
-> Ferridoxin
-> Ferridoxin NADP Reductase
->NADP -> NADPH

Front 89

What proteins are transmembrane (thykaloid) of e- transport?

Back 89

PSII
Cytochrome bf complex
PSI
F0F1 complex

Front 90

Atrazine

Back 90

targets D1 polypeptide of PS (II) for competitive inhibition
atrazine gets e- & oxidizes Qb

reaction centers become resistant (but not PSII?)
1 AA mutation in psbA (coding D1) gene at Qb binding site

Front 91

tobacco

Back 91

14 genes for PSII
5 for PSI: PSa/b/c/i/j

many are nuclear encoded

Front 92

F1F0: F1

Back 92

stroma
head group makes ATP
hexamer: 3 alpha & 3 beta
beta makes ATP, can make 3 ATP at a time