Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Element
|
fundamental unit of matter
|
|
Atom
|
smallest particle into which a substance can be divided and still retain chemical properties
|
|
Nucleus
|
control center of cell
|
|
electron
|
negative control that orbits around an atom; can create bonds
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
atoms share electrons to create bond
|
|
Ionic Bond
|
attracted by opposite electrical charges
|
|
H-Bond
|
weakest
|
|
Cohesion
|
through H-bonding, water molecules hold onto each other
|
|
Adhesion
|
through H-bonding, water molecules hold onto other surfaces; how water gets up trees
|
|
Nucleic Acids
|
info storage devices in cells; made of nucleotides
|
|
Nucleotides
|
A, T, G, C, & U - code for amino acids
|
|
DNA
|
double stranded, deoxyribose sugar, bases = A, G, C, T
|
|
RNA
|
single stranded, ribose sugar, bases = A, G, C, U
|
|
Hydrophobic
|
a compound that has no polarity and is mostly made up of C-H or C-C bonds, so like oil, it does not dissolve or mix
|
|
Hydrophilic
|
a compound that has polar properties and dissolves in water
|
|
Organic
|
molecules where carbon is the main building block
|
|
Polymer
|
molecule built up of long chains of similar subunits
|
|
Carbohydrate
|
make up structural frame work of cells; energy storage
|
|
Starch
|
glucose polysaccharide that stores energy in plants
|
|
Lipids
|
biological molecules not soluble in water
|
|
Fats
|
long term energy storage
|
|
Amino Acids
|
determine the shape of proteins
|
|
Proteins
|
polymers made up of amino acids; play important structural roles; many are enzymes
|
|
Enzymes
|
catalyze reactions
|
|
Heredity
|
traits passed from parents to offspring
|
|
Gene-trait
|
factors that act later in offspring to produce traits
|
|
DNA-RNA-PROTEIN
|
order it takes to synthesize and create new proteins
|
|
Genetic code
|
"language" of genes; 20 amino acids
|
|
Codon
|
basic unit of genetic code; 3 nucleotides that code for polypeptide termination
|
|
transcription
|
1st stage of gene expression; an mRNA is synthesized from a gene within the DNA
|
|
translation
|
2nd stage of gene expression; mRNA is used to direct the production of a protein
|
|
Ribosome
|
site of protein synthesis
|
|
Promotor
|
contains sequences that are bound by proteins that turn expression on or off
|
|
cell
|
a unit of cytoplasm that is delimited by the cell membrane
|
|
Prokaryote
|
organisms belonging to the domains Bacteria and Archae that lack a membrane-bound nucleus; multi-cellular organism
|
|
Eukaryote
|
organism whose cells have their DNA contained within a membrane-bound nucleus; multi-cellular organism
|
|
Plasma membrane
|
outer membrane composed of phospholipid molecules arranged in a bilayer that surround all eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
|
|
Semi permeable
|
only a few certain molecules get through
|
|
Cytoplasm
|
the watery living material of the cell inside the cell membrane and outside the nucleus
|
|
ribosome
|
small particles composed of RNA and protein, which are the sites of protein syntheses in cells
|
|
nucleus
|
control center of cell; major site of genetic code (DNA) - storage in eukaryotic cells
|
|
Chromatin
|
darkly stained colored material composed of DNA and proteins in eukaryotic chromosomes
|
|
Endoplasmic Reticulum
|
network of flattened membrane sacs or tubes and vesicles that arise from them. Smooth ER makes fatty acids and phospholipids; Rough ER makes proteins
|
|
Golgi body
|
stacked array of membrane sacs that make up the golgi apparatus
|
|
secretion
|
on organism releasing something (hormone)
|
|
mitochondrion
|
organelles present in eukaryotic cells that are the location for the generation of energy in the form of ATP by the process of respiration
|
|
cell wall
|
rigid portion of the extra cellular matrix of plants, fungi, bacteria and many protests
|
|
amyloplast
|
non-green starch-rich plasids with few thylanoids that occur in roots and other starch storage tissue
|
|
chloroplast
|
organelle or plasid that contains cholorophyll in plants and algae and is the site of photosynthesis
|
|
vacuole
|
membrane-bound, water-filled sac; water, ion, and pigment storage; supports cell by turgor pressure, cell enlargement
|
|
shoot
|
above ground organ system of a plant, usually upright, but sometimes growing horizontally above the ground
|
|
stem
|
the shoot of vascular plants; contains vascular tissue and typically produces leaves and reproductive organs
|
|
leaves
|
the dorsiventral (flattened with distinct upper and lower surfaces) organs of vascular plants that are specialized for photosynthesis
|
|
roots
|
mineral and water absorption organs of plants
|
|
nodes
|
point on a stem where one or more branches, leaves, or buds are attached
|
|
internodes
|
space along a stem between nodes = location of leave and bud emergence
|
|
axillary buds
|
buds that occur in the axil fo the leaf Axil = upper angle between a stem and a branch or the petiole fo an attached leaf
|
|
mitosis aka cell division
|
process of duplicating a cell where a singe cell divides into two
|
|
chromosomes
|
genome broken up as chunks of DNA
|
|
cell cycle
|
interphase & mphase, G1, s phase, G2
|
|
proliferate
|
all daughter cells are the same
|
|
formative
|
fate of each daughter cell is different (they don't become the same cell type)
|
|
differentiation
|
along with cell division and cell enlargement, it accounts for the generation of tissues and organs
|
|
SAM
|
shoot apical meristem - contribute to plant growth and development
|
|
RAM
|
root apical meristem - contribute to plant growth and development
|
|
secondary growth
|
ocurs in woody plants
|
|
vascular cambium
|
secondary meristem
|
|
(cork) cambium
|
forms bark (acts as replacement for epidermis)
|
|
asexual reproduction
|
reproduction without sex
|
|
sexual reproduction
|
reproduction with sex, involves fusion of two cells
|
|
meiosis
|
production of gametes, involves two divisions of the nucleus, produces 4 genetically variable haploid nuclei because of recombination and segregation, occurs in sex cells
|
|
recombination
|
combinations of genes on the same chromosome can be "re-mixed" by recommendation, allowing significant genetic variation in offspring
|
|
random segregation
|
cause haploids to be genetically different
|
|
haploid
|
half set of DNA
|
|
diploid
|
full set of DNA
|
|
alternation of generation
|
unique feature of plants, after meiosis, get multicellular, haploid gametophyte that contains egg and sperm. In primitive plants, it si a free living organism. In flowering plants, it is only a few cells and it lives within the sporophye (2N plant).
|
|
gametophyte
|
produce eggs and sperm
|
|
sepal
|
protects developing flower bed, photosynthetic - often green leaf-like
|
|
petal
|
often highly colored and showy, attract pollinators to flowers, number and shape depends on plant family - some highly modified
|
|
stamen
|
male part of flower, made up of anther and filament, pollen-bearing leaves
|
|
anther
|
pollen produced here
|
|
pistil
|
female part of flower
|
|
stigma
|
pollen reception surface
|
|
style
|
column through which pollen grows
|
|
ovary
|
contains ovules inside a cavity; develops into the fruit
|
|
perfect vs. imperfect flower
|
perfect has both sexes present while imperfect has one sex per flower
|
|
pollen & pollen tube
|
male gamete produced inside the anther; where pollen grows in the ovary
|
|
ovary and female gametophyte
|
where ovum is produced and fertilized; ovum
|
|
double fertilization
|
first sperm fertilizes egg (forms zygote), second sperm fertilizes (fuses with) the polar nuclei. Forms a triploid (3N)nucleus = Endosperm Cell
|
|
zygote
|
cell divides my mitosis into an embryo (sporophyte)
|
|
embryo
|
zygote that forms within the seed; contains meristems and one or two embryonic leaves called cotyleons
|
|
endosperm
|
cell also divides to form endosperm tissue (3N=triploid). Food for germinating seedling, only flowering plant seeds have endosperm
|
|
dicot and monocot
|
dicot contains two otyledons and monocot has one
|
|
dormant
|
at maturity, seeds dry up and the tissues become dormant; metabolize at very low rates
|
|
malted barley
|
seeds soaked in water that are allowed to germinate for a short time, hydrolytic enzymes breakdown proteins and starch into sugars used be the embryo to grow. The seeds are roasted killing the embryo and then used to make beer.
|