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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Yeast cells look like...
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all different sized circles with cells dividing and budding
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what is the function of plasmodesmata?
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cytoplasmic threads that connects protplasts of adjacent living cells
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filamentous forms look like...
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irregular, filamentous, have septa
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what does endomycorhizae mean
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inside fungus roots
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how do endomycorrhizae benefit the plant they associate with
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-increase plants ability to capture water and elements
-protection against attack |
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how do plants benefit the fungi
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recieve the plants carbs and vitamins for growth
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what forms endomycorrhiza?
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glomeromycota
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The direction of flow of fixed c and nutrients is...
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fungi--> plant
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what are some things to know about chytridiomycota
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-they are motile spore with flagella or rhizoids
-live in either soil or h20 |
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THings to know about zygomycota?
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-black bread molds
-black spores that reproduce asexually in sporangia -when right conditions, rep sexually by zygosporangia which have single zygospore -zygospores have suspensors which are the remnants of the gametangia |
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zygospores have...
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suspensors
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suspensors are...
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in zygospores and are the remnants of gametangia
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sexual reproduction by zygomycota:
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by zygosporangia each with single zygospore
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you never see sexual reprod of zygomycota on bread because...
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one spore wouldn't be able to infect bread
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Do you see sexual or asexual reproduction in Blue Cheese
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they have sexual structures but only do asexual
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Blue cheese and morels are......
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ascomycota
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how many ascospores are in each ascus?
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8
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Is ascocarp hollow?
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yes
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basidiomycota have what type of spores?
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sexual spores that are on club shaped structures called basidia
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What do fungi haev that helps then if they run out of nutients?
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large surface area
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what is mycelium
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mass of hyphae
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what is a zygosporangia:
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thick walled structures
reproduce sexually each has one zygospore |
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what is a ascospore
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haploid spores formed after meiosis
-held in the ascus |
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what is the ascocarp
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thicghly woven hyphae that compose the area where asci are formed
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basidiospores?
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born in basidia
-this is the way they reproduce -n |
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What is a basidia
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spore producing structure which make basidiospores
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basidiocarp
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just like the ascocarp
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what is the repeating unit?
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shoot system
-internode, node, leaf, axillary bud |
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basal plant:
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when can't see the stem
-compressed stem |
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caulescent
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stem out of the ground
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Dermal tissue system
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makes up outermost layer
-ex: epidermis |
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ground tissue system
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makes up bulk of plant body
-metabolism, support, storage ex: cortex, pith, mesophyll |
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vascular tissue system
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primary conducting tissues w/in plant body
-water, nutrients, etc. move through these tissues -ex: xylem and phloem |
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Stem of eudicot?
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organized ring of vacular tissue around the outside
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where is cambrium?
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in between the pholoem and xyleom
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monocot stem?
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vascular tissues everywhere...all spread out
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tap root:
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eudicot: goes directly into the ground
-originates in the pericycle |
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fibrous root
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monocot: takes more surface area
-mostly adventicious -grass -originates in the stem |
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what is the function of the endodermis?
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filter: allows movement of H20 and solutes
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What cell wall characteristic allows the endodermis to perform its function?
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it is compact and attached to casparian strips which are impermeable to water and solutes
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where in the root do lateral roots originate?
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originate in the pericycle
-they are endogenous: originate w/in |
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xerophytes grow where?
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dry climates
-have stomata for gas exchange in the lower portion of the epidermis |
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hydrophytes live where?
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wet habitat
-stomata in upper epidermis |
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mesophytes live where?
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in the middle
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Nympaea is a hydrophyte so how much intracellular space does it have?
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has a lot since it is a hydrophyte
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lylac and syringa have how much intracellular space?
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not a lot of intracellular space
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arrangement of stomata in monocots and angiosperms
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angiosperms: scattered on surface
monocots: arranged in parallel rows |
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why might a ruscus plant evolve?
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to resist predation: the stem leaves become modified stems
-this reduces predation -no buds so know they are actually stems |
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an onion is...
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modified leaves with bulb
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spines are...
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modified leaves
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thorns are...
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modified branches
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asparagus are...
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modified stems
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garlic is...
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modified leaves
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raddish is...
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modified root
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potato is...
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modified stem
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The protoderm will become the...
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epidermis
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the procambrium will become the...
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vascular tissue
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the ground meristem will become the...
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ground tissue
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In the pea, the first structure to emerge is the....
-The cotyledones end up where? -photosynthetic organs? |
-first structure to emerge is epicotyl
-cotyledons end up below ground -photosynthetic organs are the leaves and stem -simples leaves |
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In the bean, the first structure to emerge is the...?
-cotyledons end up where? -photosynthetic organs? |
first structure to emerge is hypocotyl
-cotyledons are above ground -photosyntheic organs are leaves, stem, cotyledons -simple leavesco |
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in the corn, the first structure to emerge is the...
-where does cotyledon end up? -photosyn organs? |
coleoptile is first structure to emerge
-cotyledons end up below ground -leaves and stem are photosyn -simple leaves |
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can there ever be true leaves attached to the stem below the cotyledons?
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yes
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what is the function of endosperm and cotyledon perform?
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food storage
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shoot apical meristem is what you would see if you opened up a...
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terminal bud
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as apical meristem continues to grow, the leaf primordium becomes the...
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leaves
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as the apical meristem continues to grow, the bud primordium becomes the....
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lateral shoots
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the region of cell division...
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has the end of the root
-has the protoderm, ground meristem, and procambrium |
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region of elongation is...
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in the middle
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region of maturation
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is on side farthest from root tip
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are root hairs made up of many cells or one cell?
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one cell
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all of the procambium in monocots does what??
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gives rise to primary xylem or phloem: none gives rise to vascular cambium
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why are monocots called closed?
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the vascular bundles do not give rise to secondary growth
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what do eudicots have that monocots don't in their vascular system?
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cambium layer: so no secondary growth
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palm trees are...
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monocots with no secondary growth: no rings
-not arranged stem |
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what is a bundle sheath?
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layer of cells surrounding vascular bundle
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what determines the age of wood?
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the number of xylem rings
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what replaces the epidermis?
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the periderm
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how has the stem: particularily the cortex, been able to keep up with the increase in circumfrance
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constant development of cells
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axial is...
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up and down
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radial is...
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out
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what types of cells run axially in pines?
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trachiads
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what structures make up the radial system in pines?
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rays
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do the rays look the same in all three sectional views of monocots?
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no
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what are the diff in xylem cells in pines?
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more cells made in spring and summer and tehn almost stops in winter
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early wood is made....
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in the spring summer
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late wood is made....
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fall/winter
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which type of wood would appear darker? early or late wood?
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late wood because it is more dense
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why is pine wood called non-porous?
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no big vessels or pores
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what direction do rays run in pines?
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radially: side to side
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what sectional view is best to determine ray width in pines?
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tangential
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what system, axial or radial, contains resin ducts in pines?
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both
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what do resin ducts do?
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secrete resin to protect from insects and decay
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what two vertically conducting cells are found in axial system of oak?
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trachieds and vessels
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what is not found in oaks compared to pines?
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resin ducts
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what are two types of cells found in both angiosperms and gymnosperms?
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tracheids and vessel elements
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what cells in oaks run radial
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rays, vessels
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what cells in oaks run axially?
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vessel elements, tracheids, fibrous cells, parenchyma cellswhat are
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what are oak wood called because of the eneven vessel member size?
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ring-porous
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where are the largest vessels located in oaks
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earlier vessels are larger than late
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what ways do oak rays differ from pine rays?
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they are larger and make up more of the volume
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what do fiber cells do for an oak?
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they provide support
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specific gravity is...
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the weight of the wood to the weight of an equal volume of water
-fibers are imp in this |
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the lower the specific gravity...
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the higher it would float
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why does oak have a higher specific gravity?
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more fiber cells
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what produces the secondary phloem and xylem?
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vascular cambium
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the outer bark is a series of...
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periderms
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the inner bark contains...
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living parencyma cells along with other cell types
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rays in secondary tissues are made of...
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parencyma cells
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the rays run from...
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vascular cambium out into the phloem and also through vascular cambium back into secondary xylem
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what is the function of the rays in bark?
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storage and transport
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all the cells outside of the periderm are....
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dead
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most cells in the periderm are....
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cork cells
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radial if...
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cut through center
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tansgentil if...
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cut down the side
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surfaces of most boards are...
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tangential: don't want middle cuz of warping
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section view that is found on most plywood surfaces is...
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tansgentil
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why is plywood stronger than same thickeness of reg wood
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many pieces glued together
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do all trees have heart wood?
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yes
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what wood features contribute to wood grain patterns?
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early wood and late wood
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dark area in the center of wood is....
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heart wood: non-conducting
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lighter area on wood is...
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sapwood
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parencyma cells are....
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most common ground tissue
-used for regeneration |
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what are some functions of parenchyma cells?
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photosynthesis, storage, secretion
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what are collenchyma cells
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much less common
-stronger -found along edge of young growing plant -noise you hear when biting into celery petiole |
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why would young growing plant organ have collenchyma cells instead of fibers
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they are able to continue to develop thick flexible walls while organ is still elongating
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how do you know if you are looking at collenchyma cell?
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look at cell wall: thick and thin
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what are sclernchyma?
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protection
-thin cell wall -often found on seed coats and parencyma cells for protection |
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what of the 2 cells types is most pleasant when eat pear flesh?
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parenchyma cells
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what do sclerids feel like when you eat them
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gritty texture
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what are the narrow canals running through the thick cell walls of the sclerids? what is their function
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ramaform pits...they do transport
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how do you diff sclerids?
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relatively short cells
-can occur single or in aggregates throughout ground tissue |
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how do slerids shaped in the water lily help with structural support?
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they have lots of intercellular spaces and if it were shaped like this, it would increase the surface area of sclerids and protect it
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Fibers are....
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plant worlds main support cell
-only can provide the support once the organ has finished growing -found in many secondary xylem and floem |
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plants cells consist of...
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cell wall and a protoplast
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a protoplast in plant cells is divided into the...
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cytoplasm and the nucleus
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what is the layer that holds the 2 walls of dumbcane together?
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middle lamella
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what is the function of the large intercellular spaces in the dumbcane?
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water storage
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do all the cells in dumbcane have chloroplasts?
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no because only the cells on the outside have light
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what are 2 types of plant crystals?
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druse and raphid
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in the zebrina, plant pigments are not always green....
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red pigment is found in other places besides vaculoe
-90 percent of the leaf is taken up by the vacuole -not all cells contain this pigment |
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what do water soluble pigments found in vacuoles do to the tissue
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make them appear red, yellow, or blue
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where do chromoplasts originate from in bell peppers?
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from previously existing chromoplasts
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potato cells contain...
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plastids and amyloplast
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what are the darkly stained structure in potatoes? and what are they filled with?
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amyloplasts and they are filled with starch
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what is the function of plasmodesmata?
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cytoplasmic threads that connect protoplasts of adjacent living cells
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plastids?
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bound by 2 membranes
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