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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the most common STD in the US?
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HPV (Human Papilloma Virus)
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HPV can cause ___ & ___
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genital warts & cervical cancer
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Is there a cure for HPV?
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No, there is a vaccination that protects against most strains --- Gardasil
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What is the 2nd most common STD in the US?
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Trichomoniasis -- Trichomoniasis vaginalis
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What is Trichomoniasis caused by?
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A protozoan; transmitted by sharing towels or damp toilet seats as well as sexual intercourse
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What is Trichomoniasis treated with?
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Antiprotozoans, drug metronidozole
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Herpes Simplex Virus can cause ___ & ___
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cold sores & genital herpes
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Herpes can be transmitted through __, __, & __
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oral, anal, or vaginal sex
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What percentage of adults are infected with HSV?
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20 - 25% (1 in 4/5)
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Can pregnant women pass the infection on to a child during delivery?
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Yes.
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Where does herpes "hide"?
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In the nervous system where it can't be touched; causes lesions periodically
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Is there a cure for herpes?
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No, however L-lysine can be used to treat the symptoms.
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What is the most common bacterial transmitted disease?
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Chlamydiosis (etiologic agent --- Chlamydia trachomatis)
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Chlamydiosis can cause ___ & ___
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infections in newborns & sterility in women
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How is Chlamydiosis treated?
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With antibiotics.
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What is Gonhorrhea caused by?
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Neisseria gonorrhea.
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What can Gonhorrhea cause?
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inflammatory disease and sterility
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How is Gonhorrhea treated?
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Treated with antibiotics, however drug resistant strains are becoming more common.
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How is Hepatitis B transmitted?
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Through blood or sex.
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HBV (caused by Hep B) can lead to ___ cancer.
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Liver
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How is HBV treated?
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With interferon; there is a vaccine available.
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What is Syphilis caused by?
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Treponema pallidum.
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What are the 3 stages of Syphilis?
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Primary, Secondary, & Tertiary.
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How is Syphilis treated?
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With antibiotics.
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What was the Tuskagee Syphilis Experiment?
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Experiment conducted by our federal government on its own citizens.
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What is AIDS?
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
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HIV infects what kind of cells?
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T cells -- destroy the immune system
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How is HIV transmitted?
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Blood, semen, and vaginal fluid.
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Is there a cure for HIV?
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No, but antiviral drugs can treat symptoms.
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Infection with any STD can increase your risk of getting ____ by creating lesions where the virus can enter.
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HIV
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Virulence Factor
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anything that helps microorganism cause disease
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Examples of bacterial virulence factors:
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capsules, fimriae, toxins, plasmids, flagella, pili
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Capsules
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attachment and avoid phagocytosis
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Fimbriae
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attachment
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Toxins
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kill or damage cells
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Plasmids
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carry genes that code for antibiotic resistance or toxins
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Flagella
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can be a virulence factor under some circumstances
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Pili
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aid in transferring plasmids from one cell to another
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Immune System protects us from infection by ___
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microorganisms
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Two main parts of the Immune System are ___ & ___
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Innate & Adaptive
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Innate Immunity
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nonspecific, same reaction no matter what pathogen (includes: skin, stomach acid, inflammation, fever, & phagocytosis)
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Four signs of Inflammation
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heat, pain, redness, swelling (phagocytes leak from blood stream and enter tissues)
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Phagocytosis
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process of engulfing and destroying foreign pathogens
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Adaptive Immunity
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involves memory, immune system remembners exposure to previous pathogens and responds specifically to that pathogen (T & B cells)
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T cells...
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control cell mediated immunity -- kill viral infected and cancer cells
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B cells...
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produce antibodies and kill mainly extracellular pathogens
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Antigen
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any substance that evokes an immune response
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Antibody
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protein produced by immune system that binds to and helps destroy antigen
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Secondary response
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second time a person is exposed to pathogen the adaptive immunity remembers the pathogen and destroys it before it can cause disease
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What exploits the memory of adaptive immunity?
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Vaccines; a dead or weakened microorganism is injected and stimulates immune system
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Antibiotics __ or __
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kill or inhibit growth of bacteria (no effect on other microorganisms)
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Antibiotics are produced by __
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microorganisms
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Two categories of bacteria are?
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gram positive & gram negative
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Broad Spectrum Antibiotics
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cells that target both gram pos & gram neg
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Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics
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cells that target either gram pos or gram neg
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Penicillins all have a core structure that includes a ___
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B-lactum ring (enzymes that cleave this ring are called Penicillinases or B-lactamases; enzymes that produce Penicillinases are resistant to penicillin)
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Penicillins inhibit ___
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cell wall synthesis
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Natural penicillins come from mold & have 2 disadvantages to semi-synthetic penicillins, what are these?
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1. sensitive to penicillinases
2. have a narrow spectrum of activity |
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What is Methicillin?
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Antibiotic designed to resist action of penicillinases; wide-spread Methicillin lead to resistant strain (MRSA - methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus; now discontinued in US
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Wide-spread use of ____ to treat MRSA lead to VRE?
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Vancomycin (vancomycin resistant enterococci)
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Drug resistance is often carried on ___
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plasmids (DNA that can be transferred among bacteria)
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Ways to reduce antibiotic resistance...
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1. take full prescription
2. don't take antibiotics for common cold |
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Epidemic
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disease whose incidence is increasing above expected levels in a population
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Pandemic
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an epidemic that has spread over several continents
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Endemic
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a disease whose incidence is incrasing above expected levels in a population
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Bubonic Plague (Black Death) caused __ world wide pandemics
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Four (killed 1/4 of Europe between 1396 & 61)
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Bubonic Plague is caused by?
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Yersinia pestis, carried by rodents and transmitted by fleas
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Virulence factors of Bubonic Plague include...
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plasmids & toxins
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Symptoms of Bubonic Plague include ___, ___, & ___
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fever, swollen lymph nodes, black splotches under skin
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What is the treatment for Bubonic Plague?
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Antibiotics
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What form of Bubonic Plague is transmitted by respiratory droplets?
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Pneumonic form
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Leprosy (Hansens disease) is caused by?
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Etiologic agent -- mycobacterium leprae (acid-fast organisms)
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What are the symptoms of Leprosy?
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sores, nerve damage, blindness, loss of digits
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How is Leprosy transmitted?
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nasal secretions
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How is Leprosy diagnosed & treated?
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acid-fast strain; multiple antibiotics over long period of time
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Leprosy is ___ in the US.
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rare; though it can be carried by armadillos
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What percentage of people are immune to leprosy?
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95%; people who are not immune get infected and the bacteria grows inside of phagocytes spreading it throughout the whole bloodstream
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Cholera is caused by?
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vibrio cholerae
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Symptoms of Cholera include...
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rice water stools
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How is Cholera transmitted
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contaminated water and food; virulence factors include flagella, pili, and toxin
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Treatment for Cholera
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Replace fluids and electrolytes; antibiotics are helpful
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Prevention of Cholera
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good sanitation
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