Placenta Path

Front 1

What type of placenta does a dog have? Horse? Human?

Back 1

endotheliochorial placentation
epitheliochorial placentation
hemochorial placentation

Front 2

What are amniotic plaques?

Back 2

foci of squamous epithelium on the internal surface of the amnion

they are commonly present on the bovine amnion during the middle trimester of gestation

Front 3

What does fetal death in late development lead to?

Back 3

abortion
stillbirth
mummification
maceration

Front 4

What is abortion?

Back 4

the expulsion of a fetus prior to the time of expected viability

Front 5

What is stillbirth?

Back 5

the death of a fetus in the last part of gestation during the period where it is independently viable

Front 6

What is mummification?

Back 6

the fetus is retained indefinitely and becomes dehydrated

Front 7

What is maceration?

Back 7

the dead fetus is retained and infected by bacteria

may be associated with dystocia or incomplete abortion

may lead to pyometra and maternal death from peritonitis and toxemia

Front 8

What is placental insufficiency?

Back 8

important in the mare and may lead to fetal death, mummification or abortion

seen in cases of twinning, endometrial fibrosis, premature placental separation, uterine body pregnancy or torsion of the umbilical cord

Front 9

What is is adventitial placentation?

Back 9

development of intercotyledonary placentation in cattle as a mechanism of compensation for inadequate development of placentomes

Front 10

What are infectious abortogenic agents?

Back 10

Brucella spp
Camplylobacter abortus
Coxiella burnetii
Leptospira spp
Listeria monocytogenes
Salmonella spp
Mycoplasma and Ureoplasma
Neospora caninum
Toxoplasma gondii
Herpesvirus
Pestivirus

Front 11

What are the likely causes of myocaridal lesions in fetuses?

Back 11

BVD, Neospora caninum and nutritional myopathy

Front 12

What are the likely causes of Dermatisis lesions in the fetus?

Back 12

mycotic abortions

Front 13

What are the likely causes of Amnioitis lesions in the fetus?

Back 13

Ureoplasma sp

Front 14

What does Camplyobacter foetus subspecies venerealis cause in cattle?

Back 14

embryonic loss

true genital infection and is an important cause of infertility

early embryonic deaths at 3-4 weeks

gross placental lesions are those of intercotyledonary placentitis and necrosis of the cotyedons

Front 15

What does Tritrichomons foetus cause in cattle?

Back 15

embryonic loss in cattle

embryonic death or overt abortion can occur, pyometra can be a complication

protozoa can be found in peripheral washes, vaginal mucus and in cases of abortion in the stomach contents of the fetus

Front 16

What is Brucella abortus?

Back 16

causes abortions in cattle

abortions are more common at 7- 9
gross lesions in the placenta are characteristics but not pathognominic (necrotizing placentitis)

most fetus aborted in the last half of pregnancy will show evidence of pneumonia

Front 17

What is listeriosis?

Back 17

bacteria that causes abortions in both cattle and sheep in the last trimester of pregnancy

gross lesions are exudative intercotyledary placentitis and in the fetus there may or may be tiny yellow foci and necrosis in the liver, the lung, myocardium, kidney, adrenal, spleen, spleen and brain

Front 18

What is leptospiral abortion?

Back 18

causes abortion in the last trimester

no placental of fetal characteristic lesions so diagnosis is dependent on demonstrating raising antibody titers in paired sera of the dam

kills fetus which becomes rapidly autolysed

Front 19

What is Ureaplasma diversum?

Back 19

bacteria that causes abortion

abortion usually occurs in the last trimester of gestation

the amnion is the most severely affected potion of the placenta

Front 20

What are fungal species that cause mycotic abortion in cattle?

Back 20

aspergillus fumigatus
Zygomycetes

Front 21

What is neospora caninum?

Back 21

protozoan that causes abortion at 5-6 months of gestation

no useful identifying gross lesions, bovine fetus may be fresh, autolysed or in early stages of mummification

causes abortion in sheep and possible goats

Front 22

What does akabane virus cause in cattle?

Back 22

most important viral pathogen

less common than bluetong and BVH-1

causes arthrogryphosis and cerebellar hypoplasia

Front 23

What lesions do you see in sheep with Camplyobacter foetus?

Back 23

important cause of abortion in sheep

lesions are characterized by intercotyledonary placentitis andmultifocal necrotizing hepatitis

Front 24

What do you see with sheep affected with chlamydophila abortus?

Back 24

ovine enzootic abortion and enzootic abortion of ewes

important cause of in utero infections in sheep and goats resulting in abortion, stillborths and the birth of weak offspring

if a ewe is infected early gestation she will abort in the same gestation. If infection occurs in late gestation will abort during the next pregnancy

placental lesions acute suppurative to chronic placentitis

Front 25

How does toxoplasma gondii affect sheep?

Back 25

major role in ovine abortion; the source of infection is usually infected cats

naive ewes with develop a protective immunity but if they are pregnant, infection of the cotyledon will result in abortion

gross placental lesion - cotyledon are bright to dark red and have numerous small soft white nodules

Front 26

What is border disease (hairy shaker disease)

Back 26

infection can result in embryonic or fetal death, abortion, mummification, dymorphogenesis, early postnatal death and birth of weak lambs

Front 27

What are causes or pregnancy failure in goats?

Back 27

similar to sheep except that Coxiella burnetti, trauma and stress are more common

other causes includeBrucella Melitensis, Salmonella and Iodine deficiency

Front 28

What is Q fever?

Back 28

Caused by coxiella burnetti

gross lesions are confined to the placenta
see acute diffuse suppurative placentitis

organism can be demonstrated using modified ziehl-neelsen or machiavello stain

in humans causes fever, malaise, headache, nausea and vomiting

can develop pneumonia, get chronic fatigue syndrome and have abortions

Front 29

What are norms for umbilical cord, what happens with umbilical abnormalities?

Back 29

core should be 36 - 86cm long

longer cords are associated with foal strangulation and necrosis of the cervical pole of the placenta

shorter cords may be associated with premature separation of the placenta at the site of attachment

Front 30

What is mare reproductive loss syndrome and late term abortions (MRLS)

Back 30

abortion syndrome that reached epidemic proportions

hairs of catepillar embeded into submucosa of the alimentary tract of the mare create microgranulomatous lesions - bacteria from the alimentary tract invades in tissues where the immune surveillance is reduced (fetus and placenta)

Front 31

What does herpesvirus 1 cause in horses?

Back 31

repiratory, neurologic and generalized neonatal disease as well as abortion

majority of infections occur in the last 3 months of gestation and there may be prominent changes in the fetus such as casts in the trachea, interstitial pneumonia, focal necrosis in the liver and prominent lymphoid follicles in the spleen

Front 32

What does brucella suis caise in pigs?

Back 32

abortion that occurs between 2-3 months of pregnancy there is also a high incidence of stillborn and weak piglets born at term

Front 33

What are SMEDI viruses?

Back 33

stilborths, mumification, embryonic death and infertility complexes seen in sheep
caused by porcine parvovirus and some enteroviruses

see full term litter consisting of small mummified fetuses ranging up to full-grown stillborn or live weakly piglets due to progressive infection in utero (abortions rare)

Front 34

What are teraogenic agents that can cause fetal anomalies?

Back 34

toxins, drug

infections virus