Pl3234 Chapter 7 - Early Emotional Development

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emotion

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subjective reactions to the environment usually experienced cognitively as either pleasant or unpleasant, generally accompanied by physiological arousal, often expressed in some visible form of behavior

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reflex smile

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a smile seen on the newborn that is usually spontaneous and appears to depend on some internal stimuli rather than something external such as another person's behavior

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stranger distress

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a fear of strangers that typically emerges in infants around the age of 9 months

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social referencing

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the process of 'reading' emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in an uncertain situation

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separation protest

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an infant's distress to being separated from his or her mother, typically peaks around 15 months old

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emotional display rules

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rules that dictate which emotions one may appropriately display in particular situations

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emotional script

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a complex scheme that enables a child to identify the emotional reaction likely to accompany a particular sort of event

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attachment

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an emotional bond that forms between the infant and caregiver in the second half of the child's first year

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psychoanalytic theory of attachment

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Freud's theory that babies become attached first to the mother's breast and then to the mother herself as a source of oral gratification

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learning theory of attachment

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the theory that infants become attached to their mothers because a mother provides food, or primary reinforcement, and thus becomes a secondary reinforcer

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secondary reinforcer

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a person or other stimulus that acquires reinforcing properties by virtue of repeated association with a primary reinforcer

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cognitive developmental view of attachment

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the view that to form attachments, infants must differentiate between mother and stranger, and understand that people exist independent of infant's interaction with them

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ethological theory of attachment

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Bowlby's theory that attachment derives from the biological preparation of both infant and parents to respond to each other's behaviors in such a way that parents provide the infant with care and protection

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imprinting

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the process by which birds and other infrahuman animals develop a preference for the person or object to which they are first exposed during a brief, critical period after birth

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secure base

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according to Ainsworth, a caregiver whom an infant has formed an attachment and whom the child use as a base from which to explore and as a safe haven in times of stress

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secure attachment

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a kind of attachment displayed by babies who are secure enough to explore novel environments, who are minimally disturbed by brief separations from their mothers, and who are quickly comforted by their mothers when they return

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insecure-avoidant attachment

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a type of attachment shown by by babies who seem not to be bothered by their mothers' brief absences, but specifically avoid them on their return, sometimes becoming visibly upset

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insecure-resistant attachment

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a type of attachment shown by babies who tend to become very upset at the departure of their mothers and who exhibit inconsistent behaviors on their return, sometimes seeking contact, sometimes pushing their mothers away

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insecure-disorganized attachment

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a type of attachment shown by babies who seem disorganized and disoriented when reunited with their mothers after a brief separation

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sensitive care

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consistent and responsive caregiving that begins by allowing an infant to play a role in determining when feeding will begin and end, and at what pace it will proceed

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approach/avoidance behavior

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a pattern of interaction in which the infant or child shows an inconsistent pattern of approaching and retreating from a person or an object

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internal working model

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according to Bowlby, a person's mental representation of himself as a child, his parents, and the nature of his interaction with his parents, as he reconstructs and interprets that interaction; also called attachment representation