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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Theory |
set of statements that explain how and why certain events are related |
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hypothesis |
specific prediction about some phenomenon |
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variable |
any characteristic that can change |
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operational definition |
defines a variable in terms of specific measurements to turn something abstract into something observable and measureable |
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self-report |
people report on their own knowledge and feelings through surveys and interviews |
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recording overt behavior |
recording directly observable behavior as results |
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psychological tests |
tests to measure many variables like personality |
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physiological measures |
physiological responses to assess experiences (stress hormones, blood pressure, heart rate, etc.) |
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informed consent |
subjects of a study must know the purpose, procedure, benefits, risks, right to decline and withdraw, and if their responses are confidential/how privacy will be safeguarded |
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deception |
participants of a study are mislead about the nature of a study, but certain behaviors require deception to obtain natural, spontaneous responses |
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case studies |
in depth analysis of individuals or events; allows study of rare phenomenon, but doesn't determine causality |
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naturalistic observation |
observes behavior naturally without influencing it, does not determine causality |
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surveys |
information obtained by questionnaires or interviews; efficient in collecting large amounts of information over the years, but cannot determine causality |
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components of correlational research |
1) measure one variable, 2) measure a second variable, 3) statistically determine if they are related; does not determine causality but can predict if relations in the lab happen in the real world |
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elements of an experiment
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1) manipulate on variable, 2) measure whether manipulated variable affects other variables, 3) controls other factors that might affect the outcome (constants) |
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independent variable |
the manipulated and controlled factor |
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dependent variable |
factor measure that may be affected by independent variable |
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experimental group |
group that receives the treatment |
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control group |
group that is not exposed to the treatment of independent variable |
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assignment method |
random assignment, and dual exposure & counterbalancing |
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advantages and disadvantages of experimental research |
can determine cause-effect relationships and control outside factors; possible placebo effect and experimenter expectations threaten validity |