Pinel Ch 1, 2, 3, 5

Front 1

ETHOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Back 1

STUDY OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR IN ITS NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

Front 2

MORGAN'S CANNON

Back 2

RULE THAT THE SIMPLEST POSSIBLE INTERPRETATION FOR A BEHAVIORAL OBSERVATION SHOULD BE GIVEN PRECEDENCE

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LEUCOTOME

Back 3

ANY OF THE VARIOUS SURGICAL DEVICES USED FOR PERFORMING LOBOTOMIES

Front 4

TRANSORBITAL LOBOTOMY

Back 4

A PREFRONTAL LOBOTOMY PERFORMED WITH A CUTTING INSTRUMENT INSERTED THROUGH EYE SOCKET

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ZEITGEIST

Back 5

GENERAL INTELLECTUAL CLIMATE OF A CULTURE

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INSTINCTIVE BEHAVIORS

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BEHAVIORS THAT OCCUR IN ALL LIKE MEMBERS OF A SPECIES, EVEN WHEN THERE SEEMS TO HAVE BEEN NO OPPORTUNITY FOR THEM TO HAVE BEEN LEARNED

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ASOMATOGNOSIA

Back 7

DEFICIENCY IN AWARENESS OF PARTS OF ONE'S OWN BODY
DUE TO DAMAGE TO RIGHT PARIETAL LOBE

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CHORDATES

Back 8

ANIMALS WITH DORSAL NERVE CORDS

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VERTEBRATES

Back 9

CHORDATES THAT POSSES SPINAL BONES

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EXAPTATIONS

Back 10

CHARACTERISTICS EVOLVED TO PERFORM ONE FUNCTION AND WERE LATER CO-OPTED TO PERFORM ANOTHER

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CONVOLUTIONS

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FOLDS ON CEREBRAL SURFACE

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POLYGYNY

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ARRANGEMENT IN WHICH ONE MALE FORMS MATING BONDS WITH MORE THAN ONE FEMALE

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POLYANDRY

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ARRANGEMENT IN WHICH ONE FEMALE FORMS MATING BONDS WITH MORE THAN ONE MALE
DOES NOT OCCUR IN MAMMALS

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DICHOTOMOUS TRAITS

Back 14

TRAITS THAT OCCUR IN ONE FORM OR THE OTHER, NEVER IN COMBINATION

Front 15

ENHANCERS

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STRETCHES OF DNA WHOSE FUNCTION IS TO DETERMINE WHETHER PARTICULAR STRUCTURAL GENES INITIATE THE SYNTHESIS OF PROTEINS AND AT WHAT RATE

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EPIGENETICS

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STUDY OF MECHANISMS THAT INFLUENCE EXPRESSION OF GENES WITHOUT CHANGING THE GENES THEMSELVES

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MONOALLELIC EXPRESSION

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A MECHANISM OF GENE EXPRESSION THAT INACTIVATES ONE GENE OF A PAIR OF ALLELES AND ALLOW THE OTHER GENE OF THE PAIR TO BE EXPRESSED

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ONTOGENY

Back 18

DEVELOPMENT OF INDIVIDUALS OVER THEIR LIFE SPAN

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PHYLOGENY

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EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIES THROUGH THE AGES

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PHENYLKETONURIA

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NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER HOSE SYMPTOMS ARE VOMITING, SEIZURES, HYPERACTIVITY, HYPER IRRITABILITY, MENTAL RETARDATION, BRAIN DAMAGE, AND HIGH LEVELS OF PHENYLPYRUVIC ACID IN URINE

Front 21

MULTIPLIER EFFECT

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WHEN A PARTICULAR GENE ENCOURAGES A DEVELOPING INDIVIDUAL TO SELECT EXPERIENCES THAT INCREASE BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF GENE

Front 22

CRANCIAL NERVES

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12 PAIRS OF NERVES EXTENDING FROM THE BRAIN
OPITC NERVES, OLFACTORY NERVES, VAGUS NERVES

Front 23

MENINGES

Back 23

DURAL MATER, ARACHNOID MEMBRANE, PIA MATER

Front 24

DURA MATER

Back 24

TOUGH MEMBRANE

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ARACHNOID MEMBRANE

Back 25

SPIDER LIKE MEMBRANE INSIDE DURA MATER

Front 26

SUBARACHNOID SPACE

Back 26

SPACE BENEATH ARACHNOID MEMBRANE CONTAINING MANY LARGE BLOOD VESSELS AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

Front 27

PIA MATER

Back 27

DELICATE MENINX THAT ADHERES TO SURFACE OF CNS

Front 28

CHOROID PLEXUSES

Back 28

NETWORKS OF CAPILLARIES THAT PROTRUDE INTO VENTRICLES FROM PIA MATER
PRODUCES CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

Front 29

NUCLEI

Back 29

CLUSTERS OF CELL BODIES IN CNS

Front 30

GANGLIA

Back 30

CLUSTERS OF CELL BODIES IN PNS

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TRACTS

Back 31

BUNDLES OF AXONS IN CNS

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NERVES

Back 32

BUNDLES OF AXONS IN PNS

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CLASSES OF GLIAL CELLS

Back 33

OLIGODENDROCYTES
SCHWANN CELLS
ASTROCYTES
MICROGLIA

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INTERNEURONS

Back 34

NEURONS IWTH A SHORT AON OR NO AXON AT ALL
INTEGRATE NEURAL ACTIVITY WITHIN A SINGLE BRAIN STRUCTURE
DOES NTO CONDUCT SIGNALS FROM ONE STRUCTURE TO ANOTHER

Front 35

OLIGODENDROCYTES

Back 35

GLIAL CELLS WITH EXTENSION SHTAT WRAP AROUND THE AXONS OF SOME NEURONS IN CNS

Front 36

SCHWANN CELLS

Back 36

GLIAL CELLS THAT COMPOSE THE MYELIN SHEATHS OF PNS AONS AND PROMOTE THEIR REGENERATION

Front 37

MICROGLIA

Back 37

SMALL GLIAL CELLS THAT RESPOND TO INJURY OR DISEASE BY MULTIPLYING, ENGULFING CELLULAR DEBRIS, AND TRIGGERING INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES

Front 38

ASTROCYTES

Back 38

LARGEST GLIAL CELLS
STAR SHAPED
SOME ASTROCYTE EXTENSIONS COVER OUTER SURFACES OF BLOOD VESSELS, ALLOWING PASSAGE OF CHEMICALS FORM BLOOD INTO CNS NEURONS OR BLOCKING THEM

Front 39

GOLGI STAIN

Back 39

A NEURAL STAIN THAT COMPLETELY DARKENS A FEW OF THE NEURONS IN EACH SLICE OF TISSUE, THEREBY REVEALING THEIR SILHOUETTES

Front 40

NSSL STAIN

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A NEURAL STAIN THAT HAS AN AFFINITY FOR STRUCTURES IN NEURON CELL BODIES

Front 41

ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Back 41

NEUROANATAOMICAL TECHNIQUE USED TO STUDY THE FINE DETAILS OF CELLULAR STRUCTURE

Front 42

ANTERIOR

Back 42

TOWARDS NOSE END

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POSTERIOR

Back 43

TOWARDS TAIL END

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DORSAL

Back 44

TOWARDS SURFACE OF BACK OR TOP OF THE HEAD

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VENTRAL

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TOWARD THE SURFACE OF THE CHEST OR BOTTOM OF HEAD

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MEDIAL

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TOWARD MIDLINE OF BODY

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LATERAL

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AWAY FROM MIDLINE TOWARDS SIDE

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ANTEROGRADE TRACING METHODS

Back 48

TRACING PATHS OF AONS PROJECTING WAY FROM CELL BODIES OF PARTICULAR AREA

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RETROGRADE TRACING METHODS

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TRACING PATHS OF AXONS PROJECTING INTO PARTICULAR AREA

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SUPERIOR

Back 50

TOP OF HEAD

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INFERIOR

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BOTTOM OF HEAD

Front 52

GRAY MATTER

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CELL BODIES AND UNMYELINATED INTERNEURONS

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WHITE MATTER

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MYELINATED AXONS

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DORSAL HORNS

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DORSAL ARMS OF SPINAL GRAY MATTER

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VENTRAL HORNS

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VENTRAL ARMS OF SPINL GRAY MATTER

Front 56

DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA

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STRUCTURES JUST OUTSIDE THE SPINAL CORD THAT ARE COMPOSED OF THE CELL BDOIES OF DORSAL ROOT AXONS

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MYELENCEPHALON

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MEDULLA
COMPOSED OF TRACTS CARRYING SIGNALS BETWEEN THE REST OF THE BRAIN AND THE BODY
ORIGIN OF RETICULAR FORMATION

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METENCEPHALON

Back 58

COMPOSED OF CEREBELLUM AND PONS

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MESENCEPHALON

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COMPOSED OF TECTUM AND TEGMENTUM

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TECTUM

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DORSAL SURFACE OF MIDBRAIN
INFERIOR AND SUPERIOR COLLICULI

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INFERIOR COLLICULI

Back 61

AUDITORY FUNCTION

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SUPERIOR COLLICULI

Back 62

VISUAL FUNCTION

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TEGMENTUM

Back 63

CONTAINS RETICULAR FORMATION AND TRACTS OF PASSAGE
PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY, SUBSTANTIA NIGRA, RED NUCLEUS

Front 64

PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY

Back 64

GRAY MATTER SITUATED AROUND CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT
MEDIATES ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF OPIATE DRUGS

Front 65

CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT

Back 65

DUCT CONNECTING THIRD AND FORTH VENTRICLES

Front 66

DIENCEPHALON

Back 66

COMPOSED OF THALAMUS AND HYPOTHALAMUS

Front 67

THALAMUS

Back 67

LARGE, TWO LOBED STRUCTURE THAT CONSITUTUES THE TOP OF THE BRAIN STEM

Front 68

MASSA INTERMEDIA

Back 68

JOINS THE TWO LOBS OF THE THALAMUS

Front 69

OPTIC CHIASM

Back 69

POIINT AT WHICH THE OPTIC NERVES FROM EACH EYE COME TOGETHER

Front 70

DECUSSATE

Back 70

CROSS OVER TO THE OTHER SIDE OF THE BRAIN

Front 71

CONTRALATERAL

Back 71

PROJECTING FROM ONE SIDE OF THE BODY TO THE OTHER

Front 72

IPSILATERAL

Back 72

STAYING ON THE SAME SIDE OF THE BODY

Front 73

MAMMILLARY BODIES

Back 73

CONSIDERED TO BE PART OF HYPOTHALAMUS
PAIR OF SPHERICAL NUCLEI LOCATED ON TEH INFERIOR SURFACE OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS

Front 74

TELENCEPHALON

Back 74

CEREBRUM

Front 75

FISSURES

Back 75

LARGE FURROS IN CONVOLUTED CORTEX

Front 76

SULCI

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SMALL FURROWS IN CONVOLUTED CORTEX

Front 77

GYRI

Back 77

RIDGES BETWEEN FISSURES AND SULCI

Front 78

LONGITUDINAL FISSURE

Back 78

SEPARATES HEMISPHERES

Front 79

CEREBRAL COMMISSURES

Back 79

TRACTS SPANNING THE LONGITUDINAL FISSURE

Front 80

CENTRAL FISSURE

Back 80

DIVIDES FRONTAL AND TEMPORAL FROM PARIETAL AND OCCIPITAL

Front 81

LATERAL FISSURE

Back 81

SEPARATES FRONTAL AND PARIETAL FROM OCCIPITAL AND TEMPORAL

Front 82

PRECENTRAL GYRI

Back 82

FRONTAL LOBE

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POSTCENTRAL GYRI

Back 83

PARIETAL LOBE

Front 84

SUPERIOR TEMPORAL GYRI

Back 84

TEMPORAL LOBE

Front 85

PYRAMIDIAL CELLS

Back 85

LARGE MULTIPOLAR NEURONS WITH PYRAMID SHAPED CELL BODIES WITH A LARGE DENDRITE THAT EXTENDS FROM THE APEX OF THE PYRAMID STRAIGHT TOWARD THE CORTEX SURFACE

Front 86

STELLATE CELLS

Back 86

SMALL STAR SHAPED INTERNEURONS

Front 87

COLUMNAR ORGANIZATION

Back 87

NEURONS IN A GIVEN VERTICAL COLUMN OF NEOCORTEX OFTEN FORM A MINI CIRCUIT THAT PERFORMS A SINGLE FUNCTION

Front 88

CINGULATE CORTEX

Back 88

LARGE STRIP OF CORTEX IN CINGULATE GYRUS ON MEDIAL SURFACE OF CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES

Front 89

FORNIX

Back 89

MAJOR TRACT OF LIMBIC SYSTEM
ENCIRCLING DORSAL THALAMUS

Front 90

SEPTUM

Back 90

MIDLINE NUCLEUS LOCATED AT ANTERIOR TIP OF CINGULATE CORTEX

Front 91

BASAL GANGLIA

Back 91

A COLLECTION OF SUBCORTICAL NUCLEI THAT HAVE IMPORTANT MOTOR FUNCTIONS
STRIATUM AND GOLBUS PALLIDUS

Front 92

PUTAMEN

Back 92

CENTER OF EACH CAUDATE

Front 93

CAUDATE

Back 93

TAIL LIKE STRUCTURE THAT IS PART OF STRIATUM