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35 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Enterobius vermicularis
(pinworm)
nematode
intestinal pinworm
fecal-oral spread
common in children; daycares
asymptomatic or pruritis ani
Ascaris lumbricoides
large nematode
intestinal with tissue migration
fecal-oral spread
eggs must be from soil
Loffler's syndrome - pulmonary
Ancylostoma duodenale (Old World)
Necator americanus (New World)
(Hookworm)
geohelminth
skin penetrating intestinal
common cause of anemia
hookworm eggs in stool
itchy skin at site of penetration; mild pulmonary symptoms, iron deficiency anemia
Strongyloides stercoralis
hematode
skin penetrating intestinal
potential for autoinfection
humans are principle definitive host and reservoir
acquired by contact with filariform larvae in soil
larvae found in stool
skin rash and eosinophilia; pneumonitis; intestinal
Wuchereria bancrofti
(Bancroftian filariasis)
lymphatic dwelling filariae
mosquito vector
microfilariae in blood stream
adult in dilated lymphatic vessels
acute disease: local inflammation, filarial fever
chronic disease: hydrocele, lymphedema, elephantiasis
Brugia malayi
(Malayan filariasis)
lympatic dwelling filariae
Southern and Eastern Asia
chronic obstruction of lymphatics
involves mostly extremities
Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia
hypersensitivity reaction to microfilaria
fever, weight loss, generalized lymphadenopathy, cough
increased bronchovascular markings on chest X-ray
Loa loa
tissue dwelling filariae
adults migrate through subcutaneous tissue and conjunctiva
microfilariae in blood
swollen hands, eye worm, meningoencephalitis
Onchocerca volvulus
(River blindness)
tissue dwelling filariae
tropical Africa
humans are only definitive host
Simulian black fly vector
microfilariae in skin
subcutaneous nodules, dermatitis, regional lymphadenitis
eye manifestations
treatment: Ivermectin
Trichinella spp.
larval stage pathologic nematode
adult and larvae found in humans
humans eat infected pigs and wild bears
encysted larvae in "nurse cells", skeletal muscle
intestinal; muscle invasion; convalescent
invades CNS and lung causing inflammation
Toxocara canis
Toxocara cati
larval pathologic nematode
acquired by contact with dog/cat feces in soil
lodge in liver, lungs, CNS, muscle, eye
Anisakiasis
larval pathologic nematode
fish carry larvae in their muscle
humans eat raw fish
stomach pain, nausea, vomiting
may penetrate into peritoneum, pleural space
treatment: endoscopic removal of worms
Schistosomes
(Blood Flukes)
trematode
snail only intermediate host
cercariae directly penetrate human skin
schistosomula (larva) migrates to lungs; then tissues
avoid immune response by adsorption of human MHC I and II
transmitted while bathing in dirty water
acute manifestations after initial exposure
cercarial dermatitis (swimmer's itch)
Katayama fever: heavy primary infection
chronic schistosomiasis: diarrhea, hepatomegaly, colon cancer
urinary symptoms also possible
Clonorchis (Opisthorchis) sinensis
trematode
Chinese liver fluke
infects the biliary tree
Fasciolopsis buski
trematode
giant intestinal fluke
Paragonimus sp.
trematode
oriental lung fluke
Diphyllobothrium latum
fish cestode
humans acquire by eaten undercooked fish
largest human cestode (25m)
asymptomatic, sore abdomen, allergic symptoms
vitamin B12 deficiency
Hymenolepis nana
dwarf cestode (25-30mm)
eggs infectious; short-lived outside host
common in day care centers
autoinfectious
asymptomatic, loose bowel movements
Taenia saginata
beef cestode
humans are the only definitive host
adult worm 4-12m
treatment: Niclosamide or Praziquantel
symptoms are mild
Taenia solium
pork cestode
adult worm 2-8m
larvae (cysticerci) can spread to internal organs
cysticercosis: can be life-threatening when brain affected
treatment: Niclosamide or Praziquantel
Echinococcus granulosus
dog cestode (cystic hydatid disease)
humans are intermediate hosts
forms egg cysts in liver and lungs
mostly asymptomatic
Plasmodium falciparum
malaria (protozoa)
infected erythrocytes sludge in capillaries
high parasitemia (>10%)
ring forms, more than 1 per erythrocyte
fever corresponds to release of merozoites
mortality due to cerebral malaria
Plasmondium vivax
malaria (protozoa)
infects reticulocytes
Schuffner's dots
Duffy blood group antigen
fever corresponds to release of merozoites
mortality due to splenic rupture
Plasmonium malariae
malaria (protozoa)
infects aging erythrocytes
no erythrocyte deformity
fever corresponds to release of merozoites
mortality due to nephrotic syndrome
Plasmonium ovale
malaria (protozoa)
infects reticulocytes
oval-shaped erythrocytes with Schuffner's dots
fever corresponds to release of merozoites
Toxoplasmosis
protozoa
oocysts found in cat stool are infectious
release tachyzoites to invade host
severe congenital transmission possible
mostly asymptomatic
rare symptoms: lymphadenopathy, CNS disease, pneumonitis, myocarditis
Babesiosis
protozoa
acquired from tick bite
fever, hemolysis, anemia
hepatomegaly, splenomegaly
Leishmaniasis
protozoa
sandfly vector; soldiers infected
canines and rodents are reservoirs
skin ulcers, severe disease of the cartilage
American Trypanosomiasis
(Chagas' Disease)
protozoa
central and southern america
reduvid bug (kissing bug) vector
acute chagas disease: fever anorexia
chronic chagas disease: cardiomegaly, CHF, megaesophagus, megacolon
acute phase treatment: Nifurtimox, Benznidazole
African Trypanosomiasis
(Sleeping Sickness)
protozoa
Africa - tsetse fly
early local lesion then acute symptoms
chronic meningoencephalitis: personality change, insomnia, coma, death
Amebiasis
intestinal and urogenital protozoa
humans are the only reservior
fecal-oral spread, cysts infectious
may cause dysentery symptoms, liver abscess
Giardiasis
intestinal and urogenital protozoa
cyst is resistant to chlorine
humans and beavers reservoirs
fecal-oral contamination
asymptomatic, bloating, gas, diarrhea
Cryptosporidiosis
intestinal and urogenital protozoa
infects farm animals as well as humans
watery diarrhea for two weeks
Cyclospora
intestinal protozoa of the small intestine
water-borne outbreaks
treatment: trimethoprim sulfamethoxasole
Microsporidia
intestinal or urogenital protozoa