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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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place coding freq type
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high
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rate coding freq type
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low
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vestibular sacs do what
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inform the brain about the orientation of the head
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semicircular sacs do what
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detect changes in rotation of head
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Gustation: 5 perceptual qualities of taste
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Sweetness, Saltiness, Sourness, Bitterness, Unami
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Olfaction: humans can recognize this many diff odors with this many olfactory receptors
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10 thousand, 339
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Amplitude (Physical Dimension) = this Perceptual Dimension
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Loudness
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Frequency (Physical Dimension) = this Perceptual Dimension
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Pitch
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Complexity (Physical Dimension) = this Perceptual Dimension
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Timbre
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The Auditory Pathway: top inside part
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core area
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The Auditory Pathway: Top outside part
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belt area
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The Auditory Pathway: bottom part
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parabelt area
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frequency indicated by rate of neural firing near apex end of basilar membrane
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rate coding
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the lowest, and usually most intense, frequency of a complex sound (basic pitch)
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fundamental frequency
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the frequency of complex tones that occurs at multiples of the fundamental frequency
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overtone
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the difference in arrival times of sound waves at each of the eardrums
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phase differences
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left eardrum pulled out, right eardrum pushed: dots go which way?
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vertical
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both eardrums pushed in: dots go which way?
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horizontal
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the auditory system must recognize that particular patterns of constantly changing activity belong to different sound sources in this
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pattern recognition
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Somatosenses-includes sensitivity to stimuli that involves the skin
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cutaneous sense
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the sense on how your limbs are oriented in space
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proprioception
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Somatosenses- provides information about body position and movement
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kinesthesia
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Somatosenses- a sense of modality that arises from receptors located within the inner organs of body
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organic senses
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when person voluntarily touches something
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active touch
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when something forces its way to touching it
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passive touch
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two types of thermal receptors
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cold fibers and warmth fibers
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cold fibers
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transmitted to CNS via A(S) Fibers
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warmth fibers
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transmitted to CNS via C fibers
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perception of pain: 3 types of nociceptors
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high-threshold; extreme heat, acid, and capsaicin; inflammatory chemicals
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3 components of pain
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sensory, emotional component, long-term emotional component
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brain mechanisms (2) involved in unpleasantness (immediate emotional consequences)
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anterior cingulate cortex and insular cortex
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brain mechanisms (2) involved in pain sensations (sensory component)
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primary somatosensory cortex and secondary somatosensory cortex
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brain mechanisms long term emotional implications
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prefrontal cortex
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brain mechanisms (2) nonciceptive info from spinal cord
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dorsomedial thalamic nucleus and ventral posterior thalamic nucleus
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primary and secondary somatosensory cortex are located where?
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right by central fissure
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brain mechanism involved in perception of pain
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primary somatosensory cortex
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brain mechanism involved in emotional effects
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anterior cingulate cortex
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part of brain that involves emotional chronic pain
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prefrontal lobe
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phantom limb
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after amputation 70% of patients feel limb is still there
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pain perception: analgesia produced by release of
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acetylcholine
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gay matter located around the cerebral aqueduct within the tegmentum of the brain
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periaqueductal gray
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next in line to the periaqueductal gray in descending modulation of pain
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rostroventral medulla
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combination of taste and smell occurs where?
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in the OFC
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what happens in EOG
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electrodes are attached around eyes to monitor eye movement
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what happens in EMG
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electrodes are attached to chin to monitor muscle muscle activity
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what happens in EEG
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electrodes are attached to scalp
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what's recorded during state of relaxation?
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alpha activity
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what's recorded during state of arousal
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beta activity
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what's recorded during early stages of slow-wave sleep and REM sleep
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theta activity
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what's recorded during deep stages of slow-wave sleep
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delta activity
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sleep apnea
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when brain doesn't let you breath while asleep
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when a person wilts and falls like a sack of potatoes and lies there conscious for under a minute- muscular paralysis occurs at wrong time
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cataplexy
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the inability to move just before the onset of sleep or upon waking in the morning
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sleep paralysis
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when a person dreams while lying awake in sleep paralysis
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hypnagogic hallucinations
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narcolepsy is caused by neuron loss in the
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hypothalamus
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a peptide (orexin) is produced by neurons whose cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus
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hypocretin
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what's another name for somnambulism (SWS Problems)
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sleep-walking
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another name for nocturnal enuresis
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bed wetting
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another name for pavor nocturnus
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night terrors
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sleep deprivation's effects are
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mostly on the brain
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fatal familial insomnia
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results in damage to portions of thalamus; deficits in attention and memory
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the increased frequency of a phenomenon after it has been temporarily surpressed
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rebound phenomenon
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REM sleep is used for (less and less REM needed as age increases)
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brain development
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as glycogen is depleted, these levels rise
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adenosine levels
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arousel is associated w/ these 5 chemicals (NOSHA)
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Norepinephrine, Orexin, Seratonin, Histamine, Acetylcholine
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norepinephrine is located where?
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locus corulus
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vIPOA controls
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how active NOSHA are
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when flip flop is on
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vIPOA is inhibited and brain stem and forebrain arousal systems are activated (Alert waking state)
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when flip flop is off
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vIPOA is activated and arousal systems are inhibited (Slow wave sleep)
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how are structures for flip flop interconnected?
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inhibitory
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what do orexinergic neurons do?
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gives motivation to brain stem and forebrain to remain awake, holds flip-flop on
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declaritive means
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facts
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nondeclaritive means
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how
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SLD are?
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REM-ON neurons
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what are vIPAG
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REM-OFF neurons
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most important neurotransmitters in arousal
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acetylcholine, located in cerebral cortex
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ACh in pons produces what two things
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activation and cortical desynchrony
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what is a zeitgeber?
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a stimulus (usually the light of dawn) that resets the biological clock that is responsible for circadian rhythms
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melanopsin
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photopigment present in ganglion cells in the retina whose axons transmit information to the SCN, the thalamus, and the OPN
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melatonin
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a hormone secreted during the night by pineal body; plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms
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diff between melatonin and melanopsin
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melatonin is circadian and seasonal rhythms while melanopsin is diurnal rhythms
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3 components of emotion (BAH)
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Behavioral, Autonomic, Hormonal
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where is fear located?
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amygdala
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what does the central nucleus do?
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controls the emotional response of fear
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central nucleus job
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receives info from lateral nucleus, basal nucleus, then projects it to regions of hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, and medulla
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amygdala lesions do what?
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decrease emotional response, cause problems recalling conditioned emotional response
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neural control of aggressive behavior is
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heirarchal
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aggression and risky behavior are controlled by
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neural circuits in brain stem
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aggression in humans is due to
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environmental and hereditary influences
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seratonin does what with aggression and risky behavior
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it exerts a controlling influence
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vmPFC does what?
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provides other regions of frontal cortex about what is going on in the environment and what plans are being made by the rest of the frontal lobes
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moral judgments activate the vmPFC particularly when they are
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stimulated by emotional response
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impulse violence is provoked by this and inhibited by this
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amygdala, vmPFC
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PFC receives a lot of this
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seretonergic input
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job of vPFC
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provides info about ongoing emotional state and the predicted consequences to regions of brain involved in rational thinking
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Darwin: emotional expressions are (2 types of responses)
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innate and unlearned
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what'd Paul Ekman do?
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confirmed that facial expressions are innate, unlearned, and similar across cultures
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six basic facial expressions of emotion
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disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, anger, surprise
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which hemisphere plays more important role in comprehension of emotion?
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right hemisphere
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role of amygdala in comprehending emotion
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recognizes facial expression
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amygdala receives visual information from this rather than the visual association cortex
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thalamus
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imitation of emotion is controlled by what
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Right S1
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difference between volitional and emotional facial paralysis
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volitional affects right side of face while emotional affects left side;
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volitional facial paralysis during voluntary expression and emotional expression
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voluntary- can only lift right side of mouth; emotional-can smile regularly
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emotional facial paralysis during voluntary expression and emotional expression
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voluntary- can smile regularly; emotional-can only lift left side of mouth
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James-Lange Theory
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event produces emotional reaction, brain feedback produces feelings of emotion, muscles, autonomic nervous system, endocrine system
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schacter and singer's two-factor theory
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cognitive factors + physiological arousal = emotion
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SS Two-factor: we look for this to interpret arousal
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emotionally relevant cues from immediate environment
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SS study
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injected patients with epinephrine, were happy when confederate acted euphorically and angry when confederate was angry. patients didnt know nature of injection
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Dutton and Aron scary bridge study
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had males walk across scary bridge and safe bridge. attractive female asked them to fill out survey at other end of bridge. most of those that walked across scary bridge called female due to arousal of crossing bridge
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this hypothesis states that facial movement can influence emotional experience
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facial feedback hypothesis
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stimulated facial expression alter this
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autonomic activation
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immitation of facial expressions is
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innate
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