Physiology - Topic 9 - Gi Tract

Front 1

what are the functions of the gastrointestinal system

Back 1

ingestion

secretion

mixing and propulsion

digestion

absorption

elimination

Front 2

what are the 2 divisions of digestion

Back 2

mechanical

chemicial

Front 3

mechanical digestion

Back 3

the tongue mixes food

the teeth grind and cut food

the stomach and small intestine churn/mix food

Front 4

chemical digestion

Back 4

enzymes help to break larger nutrients into smaller ones (which can then be absorbed)

enzymes are secreted by the salivary glands, tongue stomach, pancreas small intestine

Front 5

the process of absorption

Back 5

taken in through the membranes of cells lining the stomach and small intestines

enters the blood or lymphatic systems

circulated throughout the body

Front 6

What does the body rid itself in the process of elimination

Back 6

feces: wastes, undigested substances, unabsorbed substances, bacteria, cell sloughed off from the GI tract lining

Front 7

what is the aka of elimination

Back 7

defication

Front 8

what are the major salivary glands

Back 8

partoid

submandibular glands

sublingual glands

Front 9

the meaning of chewing

Back 9

mastication

Front 10

the meaning of swallowing

Back 10

deglutition

Front 11

the meaning of vomiting

Back 11

emesis

Front 12

the meaning of taste

Back 12

gustation

Front 13

what is a bolus

Back 13

a soft, flexible mass that is swallowed (i.e. passes into the pharynx)

Front 14

what makes up saliva

Back 14

water

solutes

enzymes

Front 15

what is the aka of the throat

Back 15

pharynx

Front 16

what is a pharynx

Back 16

a skeletal muscle lined with mucous membrane

muscle contractions move the bolus from the mouth into the pharynx into the esophagus

Front 17

what type of muscle is the pharynx

Back 17

skeletal muscle lined with mucous membrane

Front 18

what type of muscle is the esophagus

Back 18

skeletal and smooth muscle

Front 19

what is an esophagus

Back 19

skeletal and smooth muscle and a collapsible muscular tube sitting posterior to the trechea

Front 20

where is the esophagus located in the body

Back 20

sits posterior to the trechea

runs from the lowest segment of the pharynx through the diaphragm (esophageal hiatus) to the superior aspect of the stomach

Front 21

what is the function of the esophagus

Back 21

secrete mucous

transport the bolus to the stomach

Front 22

what is paritalsis

Back 22

wave-like contractions of smooth muscle lining the wall of the GI tract that move the bolus along the tract (from the esophagus to the anus)

Front 23

the passage of food from the pharynx into the esophagus is controlled by_________,.

Back 23

upper esophageal sphincter

Front 24

the passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach is controlled by_________,.

Back 24

lower esophageal sphincter

Front 25

what are the layers of the GI tract (superficial to deep)

Back 25

mucosa

submucosa

muscularis

serosa

Front 26

what cells does the mucosa membrane consist of

Back 26

epithelium

lamina propria

muscularis

Front 27

what is the function of the epithelium

Back 27

epithelium (cells that line)

exocrine cells (secret mucous, liquid) secrets onto outer surface

enteroendocrine cells ( secret hormone) secrets into blood stream

Front 28

what makes up the lamina propria

Back 28

CT (areolar) Loose areolar

blood and lymphatic vessels (for absorption)

mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) for immune function/protection)

Front 29

what makes up the muscularis mucosa

Back 29

smooth muscle layer that creates folds in the mucosa

Front 30

where is the submucosa located

Back 30

deep to the mucosa

Front 31

what makes up the submucosa

Back 31

connective tissue binds the mucosa to muscularis layer

contains blood and lymphatic vessels (for nutrient transport) contains meurons of the enteric nervous system for GI control

Front 32

what lumen

Back 32

space in the tube

Front 33

what is the most deep layer of the GI tract

Back 33

serosa

Front 34

what is the 3rd layer of the GI tract

Back 34

muscularis

Front 35

what are the major slivary glands

Back 35

partoid
submandibular glands
sublingual glands

Front 36

what are the 2 layers of the muscularis

Back 36

circular fibres
longitudinal fibres

Front 37

what type of muscle is muscularis

Back 37

skeletal muscle
smooth muscle

Front 38

the function of control in the muscularis happens where

Back 38

control happens in the mouth, pharynx, upper 2/3rds of the esophagus, external anal spincter

Front 39

True/False: the smooth muscle in the muscularis has 2 layers

Back 39

True

Front 40

what is serosa

Back 40

a serous membrane, the outermost layer of the organs in the abdominal cavity

Front 41

what is the aka of serosa

Back 41

visceral peritoneum

Front 42

what are the 2 layers of the peritoneum

Back 42

visceral peritoneum (serosa)

Front 43

where does the stomach sit

Back 43

immediately under the diaphragm

runs from the esophagus to the small intestine

Front 44

how long does the stomach mix food for

Back 44

2-4 hours

Front 45

True/False: the food enters the stomach through LES

Back 45

True

Front 46

what is the soupy mix of food int eh stomach called

Back 46

chyme

Front 47

when food particles are small enough what sphincter do they pass through_________into the small intestine

Back 47

pyloric sphincter

Front 48

how many layers does the wall of the stomach have

Back 48

4 layers

Front 49

what are the 4 regions of the stomach

Back 49

cardia

fundus

body

pyloric part

Front 50

what are the 3 regions of the small intestine

Back 50

duodenum

jejunum

ileum

Front 51

what are circular folds

Back 51

ridges in the mucosa/ submucosa that increase surface area

Front 52

what are the cell functions of the epithelium in the small intestine

Back 52

absorptive cells (digestion/absorption)

goblet (mucous)

paneth cell (kill bacteria)

enteroendocrine cells (secrete hormones)

Front 53

True/False: most digestion and absorption happens in the small intestine

Back 53

true

Front 54

what is the microvilli also called

Back 54

brush border

Front 55

True/False: each villus has an arteriole, a venule and a lacteal

Back 55

true

Front 56

what is alacteal

Back 56

lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine

Front 57

what is chyme mixed with

Back 57

intestion and pancreatic jucies

Front 58

absorbed nutrients are passed into

_________and go to the _______ or

__________and go to the _______

Back 58

blood stream and go to the liver

lymphatics (lipids) via a lacteal and go to the large intestine

Front 59

what get absorbed into the blood stream

Back 59

carbohydrates

protein

water

electrolytes

water-soluble

vitamins

Front 60

where is the pancreas located

Back 60

posterior to the stomach

Front 61

what are the functions of the pancreas

Back 61

endocrine

exocrine

Front 62

what is the function of endocrine

Back 62

secrets pancreatic juice (water, salts, sodium bicarbonate, enzymes) into the duodenal lumen

Front 63

where is the liver located

Back 63

inferior to the diaphragm in the right superior region of the abdominal cavity

Front 64

the liver receives blood flow from which sources

Back 64

hepatic artery - oxygenated blood

hepatic portal vein - deoxygenated blood containing absorbed nutrients (from the GI tract), medications, microbes and toxins

Front 65

what makes bile

Back 65

hepatocytes

Front 66

what is the function of bile

Back 66

emulsification (breakdown) of fats

Front 67

what is the function of gallbladder

Back 67

it stores and concentrates bile

Front 68

where is the gallbladder located

Back 68

posterior surface of the liver

Front 69

what are the 4 regions of the large intestine

Back 69

cecum

colon

rectum

anal canal

Front 70

what are the functions of the large intestine

Back 70

completion of absorption, vitamin k production(blood clotting process), formation and elimination of feces

Front 71

what is cecum

Back 71

small pouch attached to the ileocecal

Front 72

what are the 4 portions of the colon

Back 72

ascending (hepatic flexor)

transverse (splenic flexor)

decending (left iliac crest)

sigmoid (to the rectum at S3)

Front 73

parietal peritoneum line what?

Back 73

the parietal peritoneum lines the peritoneum cavity (abdomen)

Front 74

visceral peritoneum lines what?

Back 74

the visceral peritoneum lines the organs within the cavity (abdomen

Front 75

what is the peritoneal cavity

Back 75

it is the space between the visceral and parietal peritoneum

Front 76

what is the aka cortisol

Back 76

stress hormone

Front 77

what are the divisions of the GI tract

Back 77

upper GI: mouth, pharynx, stomach, duodenum

lower GI: most of the intestines and the anus

Front 78

True/False: the rectum travels inferiorly to the anal canal

Back 78

True

Front 79

what is the defecation reflex

Back 79

distension of the rectum ultimately gives the urge to go and relaxes the internal anal sphincter

Front 80

what is the anal canal elimination control

Back 80

internal (involuntary control) and external (voluntary control) anal sphincters