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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the functions of the circulatory system |
transportation: nutrients and wastes immunity/protection: clotting and disease/infection regulation: pH "lactic acid" body temperature "Heat/Cold" fluid levels "5L of Blood Being Pumped" |
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what is the inferior portion of the heart called |
apex |
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what is superior portion of the heart called |
base |
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2/3rds of the heart is located on the left or right side of the heart |
left |
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what are the functions of the heart |
pump, adapt to changes, homeostasis |
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True/False: the heart is attached to the diaphragm inferiorly |
True |
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what is the resting heart rate per min |
70-80 per min |
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the general description of the mediastinum |
mass of organs & tissues that separate the lungs creates boundries |
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the mediastinum contains |
heart and it large vessels trachea esophagus thymus and lymph nodes connective tissue |
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boundries |
superiorly: first rib inferiorly: diaphragm anteriorly: sternum (breastbone) posteriorly: vertebral column (spine) |
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what is the connective tissue that encircles the heart |
peribardium |
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CT membrane that surrounds and protects the heart has 2 parts what are they? |
fibrous pericardium serous paricardium |
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describe the fibrous pericardium |
most superficial dense irregular CT attaches inferiorly at the diaphragm attaches to the CT of the blood vessels superiorly |
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describe the serous pericardium |
thinner, deep to the fibrous pericardium forms a dbl layer around the heart outer layer: partietal layer of the serous pericardium (Fused to the fibrous pericardium) |
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what is the aka of the inner layer of the serous pericardium |
epicardium which is attached to the heart muscle |
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general description of the pericardial cavity |
the space between the parietal and visceral layer of the pericardium filled with pericardial fluid (a thin layer of fluid to reduce friction) |
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what are the chambers of the heart |
2 atria 2 ventricles |
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locate and provide the function of the atria |
2 superior chambers they receive blood from blood vessels (veins) returning to the heart |
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locate and provide the function of the ventricles |
2 inferior chambers receive blood from the atria and eject it out into blood vessels (arteries) |
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what is Septa |
a dividing wall interatrial septum: divides the 2 atria interventricular septum: divides the 2 ventricals |
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what are the functions of viens |
to carry blood to the heart |
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what are the functions of arteries |
to carry blood away from the heart |
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the right atrium receives blood from 3 veins list those viens |
superior vena cava - collects blood from the upper parts of the body inferior vena cava - collects blood from the lower parts of the bod coronary sinus |
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in the right atrium the blood passes through the ____________ into the ____________________ |
right atrioventricular (AV) valve right ventrical |
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what is the aka of the right atrioventricular (AV) valve |
tricuspid valve |
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what is the function of the right ventricle |
receives blood from the right atrium *the blood is ejected by the right ventricle through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk *the pulmonary truck divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries |
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what is the function of the Left Atrium |
receives blood from the 4 pulmonary veins *the left atrioventicular (AV) valve into the left ventrical |
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what is the aka of the left atrioventricular (AV) valve |
biscuspid valve mitral valve |
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what is the function of the left ventricle |
receives blood from the left atrium some of the blood in the aorta flows into coronary arteries which supply the heart with oxygen-rich blood |
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which ventricle has the thickest chamber |
left ventricle |
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what is pulmonary circulation |
the function of the right side of the heart *the blood (now oxygenated ) returns from the lungs via the pulmonary veiens and enters the left artrium |
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what is systemic circulation |
a function of the left side of the heart *tissues use O2 and release CO2 which eventually makes its way back to the right artium (now deoxygenated) |
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what is coronary circulation |
the heart needs is own circulation - the coronary circulation *coronary arteries branch off from the aorta and encircle the heart *the heat get it s blood supply between beats |
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what does "conduction system of the heart do |
specialized cardiac muscle cells generate their own AP - the are called autorhythmic |
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what is the sequence AP propagate through the conduction system of the heart |
SA Node atria AV node bundle of His bundle of branches Purkinje Fibres ventricles |
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what is the SA (Sinoatrial) Node known as |
the pace maker of the heart |
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what is the function of SA (Sinoatrial) |
*it repeatedly generates AP's which propagatethrough the atria via gap junctions causing atria contraction and ejection of blood into the ventricles *the AP's travel throughout the atria and reach the AV node |
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what is the function of the AV (Atrioventricular ) Node |
from the AV node, the AP's enter the bundle of HIS (aka atrioventricular bundle) *the Purkinje fibres very quickly conduct the AP's upward through the ventricles causing venticular contraction and ejection of blood into the arteries |
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what is ECG |
electrocardiogram |
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what is the function the an ECG |
is a recording of the electrical activity that initiate each heart beat |
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what are the phases of the cardiac cycle |
diastole systole |
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what is heart rate(HR)? |
the number of times the heart beats in 1 minute |
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what is stroke volume(SV)? |
the amount of blood ejected from each ventricle with each beat |
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what is cardiac output(CO)? |
heart rate X stroke volume |
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what is considered the average HR? |
72 bpm |
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what is considered the average SV? |
70ml |
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what is considered the average CO?
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approximately 5 L/min |
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factors that regulate HR? |
- ANS - hormones/ ions - other |
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why does HR change? |
must adjust to meet flow demands |
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functions of the lymph system? |
- removal of excess interstitial fluid - transport of lipids form digestive system - protection/immune system |
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structures of the lymph system? |
- lymph - lymphatic vessels - structure an organs that have lymph tissues - red bone marrow |
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what is lymph? |
- fluid of the system |
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lymph |
- plasma and solutes filter from blood to capillaries into interstitial fluid - excess filtered fluid drains into lymphatic system - proteins that leak out of the blood capillaries must return to circulation via lymphatics |
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lymphatic trunks |
larger lymphatic vessels merge into trunks |
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lymphatic ducts |
- thoracic duck - right lymphatic duct |
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thoracic duck |
Drains: - left side of the head and neck - left side of chest - entire bod below the ribs - drains into the left subclavian vein |
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right lymphatic duct |
Drains: - right side of the head and neck - right side of the chest - drains into the right subclavian vein |
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lymphatic flow |
capillaries-> lymphatic vessels-> trunks -> ducts |
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How is lymphatic flow maintained by? |
- skeletal muscle pump - diaphragmatic breathing/ respiratory pump - smooth muscle contraction (minimal contribution) |
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T/F your body can rely solely on skeletal muscle pump if the other pumps fail? |
false |
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lymphatic organs |
- red marrow - thymus - spleen |
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what does red marrow do for the lymph system? |
produces B cell and immature T cells |
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immature T cells AKA |
pre-T cells |
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Thymus |
- in the mediastinum - produces mature T cells - large at birth is atrophied by maturity |
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Spleen |
- large mass of lymphatic tissue between the stomach and the diaphragm - filters blood - removes ruptures, worn out, defected RBC's - stores platelets and monocytes - reticular fibers |
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the immune system |
- non-specific defences - specific defences |
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AKA specific defences |
immunity |
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non-specific defences |
- rapid responses - reacts the same way to all invaders - no memory component
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non-specific reactions |
- first line - second line |
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first line |
- skin - mucous membrane body fluids: - sweat - tears - saliva - urine - gastric juice - defecation - vomiting |
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sweat |
flushes skin |
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tears |
washes eyes |
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saliva |
washes the teeth and mucous membrane |
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urine |
regular flow reduces microbial growth |
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gastric juice |
stomach acid destroys many bacteria |
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defecation |
removes microbes |
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vomiting |
removes microbes |
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second line |
- antimicrobial proteins - natural killer(NK) cells - phagocyte ( fixed and wandering) - inflammation - fever |
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fixed phagocyte ( CMTA exam only) |
histiocytes (CT), kupffer cell(liver), alveolr macrophages (lung), microgila (CNS) |
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antimicrobial proteins |
- discourage microbial growth |
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NK cells |
recognizes and kills microbes |
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phagocytes |
eat microbes |
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inflammation |
response to tissue damage designed to: - remove, prevent spread of microbes - prepare site for repair |
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fever |
- intensifies antimicrobial protein activity - inhibits microbial growth - speeds up repair |
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antigen |
substances the are recognized as foreign and creates a immune response |
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what happens in a specific response |
antigen/ invaders are: - identified - killed - remembered |
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immunity |
- slower than non-specific 2 types: - cell-mediated - antibody-mediated |
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cell mediated |
effective against : - fungi - parasites - viruses - some cancer cells - foregin tissues - T cells activate |
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what happens when invader is recognized in cell- mediated response |
T- cells: - activate - enlarge - proliferate( make more) - differentiates: - helper T cells - cytotoxic T cells - memory T cells |
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helper T cells |
- triggers proliferation - performs other immune fuctions |
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cytotoxic T cells |
migrate to the site and destroy invader |
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memory T cells |
- remain after response - makes for a aster and stronger response for future infections of same invader |
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Antibody- mediated response |
- effective against antigens in body fluids, extracellular pathogens - B cells |
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what happens when invader is recognized in Antibody-mediated response
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B cells: - activate - enlarge - differentiate: - plasma cells - memory B cells |
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plasma cells |
secrete antibodies |
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memory B cells |
- remain after response - makes for a aster and stronger response for future infections of same invader |
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antibodies |
- proteins produced by plasma cells in response to antigen - neutralize, inhibit, or destroy antigen - 5 classes: GAMED - IgG - IgA - IgM - IgE - IgD |
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AKA antibodies |
immunoglobulins - Also what Ig stands for |
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IgG |
- most common - in blood/ lymph/ intestines - protects against bacteria, viruses - cross placenta to transfer immunity to newborn |
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IgA |
- found in sweat/ tears/ saliva/ mucous/ breast milk/ GI - levels decrease when stressed |
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IgE |
- found in blood - involved in allergic/ hypersensitivity reactions - protects against parasitic worms |
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IgD |
- found in blood - helps activate B cells |
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Naturally acquired active immunity |
- immune system system fought invader |
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naturally acquired passive immunity |
- temporary - someone else immune system fought invader but the immunity was passed to you - i.e IgG antibodies transferred from mother to fetus across placenta |
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artificially acquire active immunity |
- vaccination - membrane proteins of a intruder is injected and your immune system fights it off |
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artificially acquired passive immunity |
- when injected with antibodies or T-cells/B-cells - immune system doesnt have enough to fight invader |
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ageing immune system |
- increase chance of infections and malignancies - response to vaccines decrease - more autoantibodies are produces - loser level of immune function - T cells and B cells are less responsive |
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Lymphatic capillaries |
- begin in the spaces between cells - closed at one end - high permeability - cells forming endothelium overlap to allow fluid in but not back out - pressure drives interstitial fluid into the capillaries |
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Lymphatic Vessels |
- capillaries merge into large vessels - lots of one way valves - regular intervals, lymph passes through lymph nodes |
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Lymph Nodes |
- cluster of lymphocytes surround by a dense CT capsule - bean shaped - often in groups superficial, and deep along lymph vessels |
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autoantibodies |
- antibodies that attack the bodies own cells |
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Lymph nodes functions |
- lymph filtration - lymph flows in, foreign substances are trapped and destroyed |
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lymphocytes |
B cells and T cells |
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IgM |
- found in blood/lymph - part of blood transfusion reaction |
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ANS |
- input from sensory receptors and high brain centre (limbic system, and cerebral cortex) - increases or decreases the frequency of AP's in the SyNS and PaNS - increased SyNS= increased HR - increased PaNS= decreased HR |
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Hormones/ Ions |
- epinephrine/ norepinephrine increase HR and contractility - thyroid hormones |
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what is the medulla oblongata
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A cone–shaped, neuronal (nerve cell) mass in the hindbrain
The medulla oblongata is located in the brain stem, anterior to (in front of) the cerebellum. |
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what is the other name of ANS
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automonic nervous system
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what are the 3 veins that feed de–oxygenated blood to the right atria
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superior vena cava
inferior vena cava coronary sinus |
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what is the left ventricle fed by
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the RIGHT atria
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the cusps of the Left and Right AV valves are connected to tendon–like chords called ______________.
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chordae tendineae
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blood is ejected by the right ventricle through what valve?
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the pulmonary semilunar valve
PSV into the pulmonary trunk |
