Physiology Test 2

Front 1

The ANS innervates _____

Back 1

Visceral organs (smooth muscles), glands, and blood vessels

Front 2

Sympathetic nervous system

Back 2

prepares/mobilizes body in emergency

Front 3

parasympathetic nervous system

Back 3

conserves and stores energy

Front 4

Location of parasympathetic nervous system

Back 4

near effector organs

Front 5

location of sympathetic nervous system

Back 5

in para-vertabral chain

Front 6

Spinal segment origination of the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system

Back 6

T1-L3 (thoracolumbar region; lateral horn)

Front 7

Spinal segment origination of the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system

Back 7

S2-S4 (craniosacral region; pelvic splanchnic nerves) and nuclei of cranial nerves 3,7,9, and 10

Front 8

adrenal medulla

Back 8

specialized ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system

Front 9

preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system synapse with these cells in the adrenal medulla

Back 9

chromaffin cells

Front 10

chromaffin cells release

Back 10

80% epinephrine, 20% norepinephrine

Front 11

pheochromocytoma

Back 11

tumor in the adrenal medulla that causes excessive catecholamine secretion and increased excretion of VMA

Front 12

Adrenergic receptors of the sympathetic nervous system

Back 12

alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, beta-2, dopamine receptors

Front 13

cholinergic receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system

Back 13

muscarinic, nicotinic

Front 14

neurotransmitter released by adrenergic neurons

Back 14

norepinephrine

Front 15

neurotransmitter released by cholinergic neurons

Back 15

acetylcholine (Ach)

Front 16

Vasoactive inhibitory peptide and substance P

Back 16

peptides released by peptidergenic neurons in the parasympathetic system

Front 17

the sdrengic receptor that produces excitation (contraction/constriction) of the GI tract, bladder sphincters, radial muscle of the iris

Back 17

alpha-1

Front 18

the adrenergic receptor that binds to norepinephrine and stimulates to the cytoplasmic reticulum to release calcium

Back 18

alpha-1

Front 19

the adrenergic receptors that are G protein stimulators

Back 19

alpha-1, beta-2, beta-2

Front 20

the adrenergic receptors that are G protein inhibitors

Back 20

alpha-2

Front 21

the adrenergic receotor that produces inhibition (relaxation or dilation) and decreases cAMP

Back 21

alpha-2

Front 22

the adrenergic receptor that produces excitation of the SA node, AV node, and ventricular muscle of the heart

Back 22

beta-1

Front 23

the adrenergic receptors with the same mechanism but different locations

Back 23

beta-1 and beta-2

Front 24

the adrenergic receptor that produces dilation of vascular smooth muscle, dilation of bronchioles, relaxation of bladder wall

Back 24

beta-2

Front 25

the cholinergic receptor that is both sympathetic and parasympathetic

Back 25

nicotinic

Front 26

the cholinergic receptor that is activated by Ach or nicotine

Back 26

nicotinic

Front 27

the cholinergic receptor that is located in the neuromuscular hunction and the adrenal medulla

Back 27

nicotinic

Front 28

the cholinergic receptor that prodeuces excitation when Ach binds to its alpha subunits; receptors are also K+ and Na+ ion channels

Back 28

nicotinic

Front 29

the cholinergic receptor that is located in the heart, smooth muscle, and glands

Back 29

muscarinic

Front 30

medulla

Back 30

vasomotor, respiratory, swallowing, coughing, vomiting autonomic center

Front 31

What happens in the sympathetic system

Back 31

dilate bronchi of lungs and pupils, constrict vessels, decrease gland secretion, (+)vechromotropic/dromotropic, constricts sphincters, ejaculates genitals

Front 32

What happens in the parasympathetic system

Back 32

constricts bronchi, dilates vessels, increases gland secretion, (-)vechromotropic,dromotropic, relaxes sphincters, erects genitals

Front 33

Exception in which sympathetic activates secretion instead of inhibits

Back 33

adrenal medulla

Front 34

Exception where beta-receptor of sympathetic nervous system activates secretion

Back 34

insulin in pancrease

Front 35

Exception where sympathetic causes relaxtion and parasympathetic causes constriction instead of vice versa

Back 35

gall bladder

Front 36

Exception where arteries are dilated by sympathetic and constricted by parasympathetic instead of vice versa

Back 36

coronary arteries of the heart

Front 37

gluconeogenesis

Back 37

sympathetic effect on liver

Front 38

glycogenesis

Back 38

parasympathetic effect on liver

Front 39

mechanoreceptors

Back 39

type of sensory transducer that responds to mechanical stimulus (such as touch)

Front 40

photoreceptor

Back 40

rods and cones of the retina are this type of transducer

Front 41

chemoreceptors

Back 41

olfactory, taste, and osmoreceptors, carotid body O2 receptors

Front 42

nocireceptors

Back 42

extremes of temperature and pain

Front 43

Fiber type with the fastest conduction velocity

Back 43

A-alpha

Front 44

Fiber type that responds to temperature and pain

Back 44

A-delta

Front 45

Fiber type with the slowest conduction velocity (slow pain)

Back 45

C

Front 46

receptive field

Back 46

area that changes the firing rate of a sensory neuron upon simulation (inhibitory when decreased rate, excitatory when increased rate)

Front 47

tonic receptors

Back 47

slowly adapting sensory receptors that respond repeatedly to a prolonged stimulus

Front 48

phasic receptors

Back 48

rapidly adapting sensory receptors that show a decline in action potential frequency with time in response to a constant stimulus

Front 49

first-order neurons

Back 49

primary, afferent neurons that receive the transduced signal and send the information to the CNS; cell bodies usually present in dorsal root or spinal cord ganglia

Front 50

third-order neurons

Back 50

neurons that are located in the relay nuclei of the thalamus and send encoded sensory info to the cerebral cortex

Front 51

second-order neurons

Back 51

neurons that are located in the spinal cord or brain stem and receive info from one or more of the primary afferent neurons in 'relay nuclei' and transmit it to the thalamus; info usually crosses midline

Front 52

fourth-order neurons

Back 52

neurons that are located in designated sensory areas of the cerebral cortex and result in conscious perception of stimulus

Front 53

somatosensory system

Back 53

processes information on touch, pain, temperature

Front 54

somatosensory pathway systems

Back 54

dorsal and anerolateral

Front 55

somatosensory pathway that processes fine touch, pressure, vibration, 2 pt discrimination

Back 55

dorsal column

Front 56

vagus nerve

Back 56

carries taste sensations from back of oral cavity (pharynx, epiglottis)

Front 57

postcentralgyrus of cerebral cortex

Back 57

part of brain devoted to sensations of tongue

Front 58

olfactory (CN1) and trigeminal (CN5)

Back 58

nerves that innervate the olfactory system

Front 59

Reason why fractures to the cribiform plate may reduce or eliminate the sense of smell for everything except ammonia

Back 59

olfactory nerve passes through plate but trigeminal (nerve that detects painful stimuli) does not

Front 60

output of these second order neurons form the olfactory tract which projects to the cortex

Back 60

mitral cells

Front 61

Process of olfactory system

Back 61

molecules bind to receptors on cilia of receptor neurons; activated receptors activate G proteins and in turn adenylatecyclase; increase in cAMP opens Na+ channels and depolarizes membraine potential; action potentials generated

Front 62

anosmia

Back 62

loss of sense of smell

Front 63

phantosmia

Back 63

smelling odors that do not exist

Front 64

dysosmia

Back 64

things smell different than they should

Front 65

sclera

Back 65

tough, white fibrous outer layer of the eye

Front 66

cornea

Back 66

transparent front portion of the sclera

Front 67

wavelengths of visible light

Back 67

400-750 nm

Front 68

choroid

Back 68

middle, vascular layer of the eye; provides oxygen and nourishment

Front 69

retina

Back 69

inner eye filled with vitreous humor; contains photoreceptors, the optic disc, and fovea centralis

Front 70

fovea centralis

Back 70

location of highest visual acuity in the eye; contains only cone cells

Front 71

rod cells

Back 71

sensitive to light but do not see color

Front 72

cone cells

Back 72

sensitive to wavelength of light (color); lack of cones sensitive to red, blue or green light causes individuals to have deficiencies in color vision or color blindness

Front 73

bipolar cells

Back 73

the receptor cells synapse on this, which synapse on ganglion cells

Front 74

ganglion cells

Back 74

the output cells of the retina; axons of ganglion cells form the optic nerve

Front 75

rhodopsin

Back 75

photosensitive element of rod cells

Front 76

Occipital lobe areas 17, 18, 19

Back 76

visual cortex

Front 77

glaucoma

Back 77

intracranial pressure due to obstruction between drainage of ciliary body into posterior chamber , anterior chamber, and ultimately schlemm's canal

Front 78

emmetropia

Back 78

normal, light focuses on the retina

Front 79

hypertropia

Back 79

farsighted, light focuses behind the retina and is corrected with a convex lense

Front 80

myopia

Back 80

nearsighted, light focuses in front of the retina and is corrected with a biconcave lens

Front 81

astigmatism

Back 81

curvature of the lens is not uniform and is corrected with a cylindric lens

Front 82

visual agnosia

Back 82

the inability of the brain to make sense or make use of some part of otherwise normal visual stimulus, and is typified by the inability to recognize familiar objects or faces

Front 83

stapes

Back 83

the smallest named bone in the human body that is responsible for transferring vibrations from the incus to the oval window

Front 84

perilymph

Back 84

fluid outside the ducts of the ear (inside scalavestibuli and scala tympani)

Front 85

endolymph

Back 85

fluid inside the ducts of the ear (inside scala media)

Front 86

middle ear

Back 86

air filled; includes most of the ear drum (tympanic membrane) and the 3 ear bone ossicles: malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrup), the opening of the Eustachian tube

Front 87

inner ear

Back 87

fluid filled; contains chochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals and a series of ducts called the membranous labyrinth

Front 88

organ of corti

Back 88

contains the receptor cells for auditory stimuli

Front 89

steps in auditory transduction by the organ of corti

Back 89

1. sound waves cause vibration of the organ of corti, vibration of the basilar membrane causes hair cells to bend. 2. bending of the cilia causes changes in K+ conductance of the hair cell membrane 3. the oscillating potential of hair cells causes intermittent firing of the cochlear nerves

Front 90

the base of the basilar membrane (near the oval and round windows)

Back 90

responds best to high frequencies

Front 91

The apex of the basilar membrane (near the helicotrema)

Back 91

responds best to low frequencies

Front 92

otitis media

Back 92

inflammation of the middle ear caused of strep or influenza bacteria; unte=reated can cause meningitis

Front 93

semicircular canals

Back 93

detect angular acceleration; rotation

Front 94

utricle and saccule

Back 94

detect linear acceleration

Front 95

hair cells located on the end of semicircular canals are embedded in this gelatinous structure

Back 95

capula

Front 96

satellite cell

Back 96

support neuron cell bodies within the ganglia of the PNS

Front 97

oligodendrocytes

Back 97

form mylen sheaths around axons in the CNS

Front 98

microglia

Back 98

during inflammation or degeneration of CNS, migrate through and phagocytose foreign material

Front 99

astrocytes

Back 99

regulate external environment of neurons in the CNS

Front 100

ependymal cells

Back 100

lines the ventricles of the brain

Front 101

GABA and glutamate

Back 101

astrocytes absorb these NT's in nerve terminals and excess potassium of extracellular fluid

Front 102

gliosis

Back 102

when neurons die and astrocytes proliferate to fill spaces previously occupied by neurons; hyperplasia and hypertrophy of astrocytes

Front 103

multiple sclerosis

Back 103

demyelination of CNS usually starting with the optic nerve, spinal cord, and cerebellum; anoxal degeneration

Front 104

white matter

Back 104

areas on CNS containing high concentrations of axons

Front 105

gray matter

Back 105

areas of CNS containing high concentrations of cell bodies and dendrites

Front 106

neurotrophins

Back 106

chemicals of the developing fetal brain that promote neuron growth

Front 107

blood-brain barrier

Back 107

between cerebral capillary blood and CSF

Front 108

Substances that freely cross BBB and equilibriate between blood and CSF

Back 108

lipid soluble such as carbon dioxide, water, nonionized drugs

Front 109

molecules that are excluded from CSF because of large size

Back 109

protein and cholesterol

Front 110

example of substance that cannot crossBBB

Back 110

L-DOPA

Front 111

examples of substance that cannot cross BBB

Back 111

dopamine

Front 112

CSF has a greater concentration than blood of these 2 substances

Back 112

magnesium and creatinine

Front 113

blood has a greater concentration than CSF of these 2 substances

Back 113

cholesterol and protein

Front 114

chemical synapses

Back 114

synapse involving the NT's released from pre-synaptic neuron attached to a protein receptor at a post synaptic membraine; unidirectional

Front 115

Ach is found in these 3 places

Back 115

neuromuscular junction, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic nerve

Front 116

Example if excitatory postsynaptic potential

Back 116

Ach in nicotinic receptors

Front 117

examples of inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Back 117

GABA

Front 118

Destructs Ach in the synaptic cleft

Back 118

AChE

Front 119

electrical synapse

Back 119

synapses that are gap junctions formed by specialized connexon channels between pre and postsynaptic neurons; biodirectional

Front 120

Parkinsons

Back 120

neurological disease that can be treated with NT's; cause by dopamine deficiency

Front 121

general anesthetics of the axolemma

Back 121

block synaptic transmission

Front 122

local anesthetic

Back 122

block nerve conduction by interfering with increase in ion permeability

Front 123

phenothiazines

Back 123

block dopamine receptors postsynaptically

Front 124

reason why seratonin taken orally does not pass into the serotonergic pathways of the CNS

Back 124

does not cross the BBB

Front 125

bipolar disorder, aggressive behavior

Back 125

low levels of serotonin may be associated with this disorder

Front 126

main function of dopamine as a hormone

Back 126

inhibit the release of prolactin from the anterior lobe of the pituitary

Front 127

schizophrenia

Back 127

caused by abnormally high dopamine

Front 128

norepinephrine is released from here as a hormone

Back 128

adrenal medulla of the adrenal glands

Front 129

noradrenergic neurons

Back 129

norepinephrine is released from here as a NT

Front 130

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

Back 130

temporary depolarization of postsynaptic membrane potential caused by the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell

Front 131

gluatmate

Back 131

amino acid NT most often associated with EPSPs

Front 132

GABA and glycine

Back 132

most common inhibitory NTs in the nervous system

Front 133

neuropeptide Y

Back 133

peptide NT in the brain and ANS associated with energy balance, memory and learning, and epilepsy

Front 134

nitric oxide

Back 134

endothelium-derived relaxing factor; used by endothelium of blood vessels to signal surrounding smooth muscle to relax (dilates arteries and increases blood flow)

Front 135

neuromuscular junction

Back 135

where nerve contacts the muscle

Front 136

motor unit

Back 136

consists of one motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it contracts

Front 137

Which autonomic receptor is blocked by hexamethonium at the ganglia, but not at the neuromuscular junction?

Back 137

Cholinergic nicotinic receptors

Front 138

A patient with chronic hypertension is treated with prazosin by his physician. The treatment successfully decreases the patients blood pressure to within the normal range. What is the mechanism of the drugs action?

Back 138

Inhibition of alpha-1 receptors on vascular smooth muscle

Front 139

Which of the following responses is mediated by parasympathetic muscarinic receotors?

Back 139

erection

Front 140

Which of the following is a property of C fibers?

Back 140

have to slowest conduction velocity of nerve fiber type

Front 141

When compared with the cones of the retina, the rods

Back 141

are more sensitive to low-intensity light

Front 142

which of the following statements best describes the basilar membrane of the organ of corti?

Back 142

the apex responds better to low frequencies than the base does

Front 143

Which of the following is a feature of the sympathetic , but not the parasympathetic nervous system?

Back 143

preganglionic neurons originate in the thoracolumbar spinal cord

Front 144

which autonomic receptor mediates an increase in heart rate

Back 144

adrenergic beta-1 receptor

Front 145

cutting which structure on the left side causes total blindness in the left eye

Back 145

optic nerve

Front 146

Which type of cell in the visual cortex responds best to a moving bar of light?

Back 146

complex

Front 147

Which adrenergic receptor produces its stimulatory effects by the formation of inositol 1, 4, 5 triphosphate and an increase in intracellular Ca2+?

Back 147

alpha-1 receptors

Front 148

Which autonomic receptor mediates secretion of epinephrine by the adrenal medulla?

Back 148

cholinergic nicotinic receptors

Front 149

Cutting which structure on the right side causes blindness in the temporal field of the left eye and the nasal field of the right eye?

Back 149

optic tract

Front 150

A ballet dancer spins to the left. During the spin, her eyes snap quickly to the left. This fast eye movement is

Back 150

nystagmus

Front 151

Which of the following would produce maximum excitation of the hair cells in the right horizontal semicircular canal?

Back 151

rotating the head to the right

Front 152

Which autonomic receptor is activated by low concentrations of epinephrine released from the adrenal medulla and causes vasodilation?

Back 152

adrenergic beta-2 receptors

Front 153

Sensory receptor potenials

Back 153

are grades in size, depending on stimulus intensity

Front 154

Cutting which structure causes blindness in the temporal fields of the left and right eyes?

Back 154

optic chiasm

Front 155

Which of the following structures has a primary function to coordinate rate, range, force, and direction of movement?

Back 155

cerebellum

Front 156

A woman with elevated blood pressure, visual disturbances, and vomiting has increased urinary excretion of VMA. A computerized tomographic scan shows an adrenal mass that is consistent with a diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. While awaiting surgery to remove the tumor, she is treated with phenoxybenzamine to lower her blood pressure. What is the mechanism of this action of the drug?

Back 156

Decreasing IP3/Ca2+