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172 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What three elements are present in all organic molecules?
C, H, O
What is oligodipsia?
little drinking
What monosaccharide is present in sucrose besides glucose?
fructose
other than chitin, what is the most abundant carbohydrate on earth?
Cellulose
What type of lipids are the hemes found in hemoglobin?
Porphyrins
Write out the whole name for LDL that carries cholesterol in blood.
Low Density Lipoproteins
Is the molecule C17H33COOH a saturated or unsaturated molecule?
Unsaturated
How many kilocalories are there in 100 grams of fat?
900
what property does a phospholipid have that makes one end hydrophilic?
Polarity
What is the name of the modified amino acid that is abundant in collagen?
Hydroxyproline
what protein is produced in an abnormal form in someone who has scurvy?
Collagen
Give the name for the type of metabolism that means " to build molecules up into larger units?"
Anabolism
What is lowered by an enzyme in order to make the reaction it causes to occur?
Activation Energy
How many different types of amino acids can be assembled into proteins at a ribosome?
20
Of the four configurations of protein molecules (primary, secondary, etc.), which one is a hemoglobin an example?
Quaternary
What is the general name for the group of amino acids that cannot be synthesized in the body?
Essential
Clearly print the name for ATP
Adenosintriphosphate
What bonds between certain amino acids are broken when a protein is denatured?
Sulfide/Disulfide
What RNA nucleotide base is complimentary to adenine in DNA?
Uracil
What DNA nucleotide base is complementay to guanine in DNA?
Cytosine
What group of compunds are produced by DNA and RNA which control the activities of their cell?
Proteins
What is the name for the codon that means "end synthesis here?"
Terminator
Give the name for the enzyme that allows DNA to replicate itself?
DNA polymerase
What molecule brings a specific amino acid to a ribosome?
tRNA
Of the 64 total codons, how many of them have anticodons to match?
61
What specific molecule determines the sequence of amino acid placement in the ribosome?
mRNA
Is DNA directly able to synthesize steroids?
No
What specific molecule possess anticodons?
tRNA
What is the general name for any signaling chemical like AcH or a hormone that binds to a receptor on a cell membrane?
Ligand
Does alcohol easily diffuse through all cell membranes?
Yes
Can a tiny cation like hydrogen easily pass through the double phospholipid layer of a cell membrane?
No
Which molecules jiggle at a faster rate, larger molecules or smaller molecules?
Smaller
What is produced during transcription?
tRNA
What is the general name for the protein molecules that carry free passage of substances like glucose across a cell membrane?
Transport protein/carrier molecule
Is the diffusion of sodium into a cell during depolarization an active or passive process?
Passive
During secondary active transport of glucose in the gut, what substance is actively pumped into the interstitial space?
Na+
Which ion channels are "strong and small," that is strongly charged while having a relatively small caliber?
Na+
Which has a greater ion hydration energy, Mg or Ca?
Mg
Which type of pump in the cells membrane require about 40% of the body's resting energy?
Na+/K+
Does a calcium pump move calcium with or against the gradient?
Against
Write out the whole name for the hormone that allows water to be reabsorbed from the filtrate that is in the DCT.
Antidiuretic Hormone
Does hypocalcemia cause neurons to become hypopolarized or hyperpolarized?
Hypopolarized
How many potassium ions are moved into a cell with each stroke of the Na+/K+ pump?
2
During co-transport, what substanse comes across the cell membrane along with glucose?
Na+
Give the name for the junctions between cells that prevent water from leaking past cells.
Tight
What is the combined Svedberg weight of both units on a eukaryotic ribosome?
100
Name an antibiotic that blocks synthesis on prokaryotic ribosomes.
Tetracycline
Other than Golgi, what cellular organelle modifies proteins to be secreted from the cell?
ER
What is the name for the pancake-like membrane stacks in Golgi apparatus?
Cisternae
Other than the nucleus, what other cellular organelle contains DNA?
Mitochondria
What unique pump do lysosomes have in their membrane that controls their pH inside?
H+ pump
Which of the two types of ER would be used ot detox phenobarbitol?
Smooth
What cellular organelle do bombadier beetles use to make a gas to explode in the face of an enemy?
Peroxisome
What is the name for the shelves that are made of the inner mitochondrial membrane?
Cristae
Write out the two word name for the process by which mitochondria add a third phosphate to ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation
Which membrane layer in the mitochondria is most impermeable?
Inner
What is the name for any ion or molecule that has unpaired electrons in its outermost energy level?
Radical
Name the tiny globular proteins that clump together as nucleosomes which DNA wraps around in chromosomes?
Histones
Which band in the sarcomere contains only thin filaments and no thick filaments at all?
I band
What is the name for the contractile unit in a muscle cell that is located between two Z lines?
Sarcomere
Which is larger, a muscle fiber, or a muscle fascicle?
Fascicle
Which two bands in a sarcomere become narrower during contraction?
I & H bands
Which myofilaments are supported by Titin proteins?
Myosin
What muscle protein is a tripeptide?
Troponin
Name the extentions of the muscle cells membrane that extend into the cell to contract sarcoplasmic reticulum.
T-tubule
What enzyme is often detected in a blood test that tells a physician that the person has had a heart attack?
Creatine Kinese CK
What color (or type) of muscle fibers generate ATP most slowly?
White, light, FO, Fast
What is the specific type of neurotransmitter receptor that is present on the surface of a muscle cell membrane?
Nicotinic
Other than chemical stimulus, mechanicla stimulus, or light stimulus, what stimulus causes sodium channels to open?
Voltage change
Is the concentration of potassium higher inside a cell or is it higher ouside a cell that is polarized?
Inside
What gates are open during the absolute refractory period in neurons?
Na+
What molecule is combined with choline to produce acetylcholine?
Acetate
Name a toxin or drug that blocks the release of the neurotransmitter at a motor end organ.
Botulinus
what gates in the cell membrane open to allow a cell to repolarize?
K+
What does tetrodotoxin (TTX) do at the cellular level to cause paralysis?
Blocks Na+ channels
What type of toxin could be used to treat srtabismus or blepharospasms?
Botulinus Botox myobloc
What type of contraction occurs when the muscle contracts, but no movement occurs; like pressing your hands together?
Isometric
name the period between the time that a muscle cell is stimulated and contraction actually begins?
Latent period
What is the name for a sustained and continuous voluntary contraction of a muscle?
Tonus or Tetony
Other than hydrogen or oxygen, what other element is present in all organic molecules?
Carbon
What does "Sacchar" mean in greek?
Sugar
By what chemical process is an oligosaccharide converted into polysaccharides/
Dehydration synthesis
Other than glucose, what are sucrose molecules made of?
Fructose
Name one of the two most abundant polymers on earth?
Cellulose or Chitin
Which blood lipoprotein is considered to be "bad cholesterol?"
LDL
Name an eicosanoid.
Prostoglandin or Leukotriene
How much energy is stored in each gram of fat?
9 Kcal
Is eicosapentaenoic acid saturated or unsaturated?
Unsaturated
Name the double bond between carbons in fatty acids that causes them to lie in a straight and compact shape.
Trans
About how many carbons are present in the alcohol of beeswax?
28-30 +/- 5
What is the name for the spherical orange-like clusters of phospholipids that float around in blood and water?
Micelles
Other than phosphate, what element is present in phospholipids that is absent in triglycerides?
Nitrogen
What specific molecule does meat tenderizer break down?
Collagen
What general type of a protein functions to lower the energy of activation of a molecular reaction?
Enzyme
How many different types of amino acids are included in the genetic code?
20
What research project was Roseland Franklyn working on at Kings College in England?
DNA Structure
Of the four configurations of protein molecules (primary, secondary, etc.) which one is myoglobin an example?
Tertiary
What specific bonds are broken and reset when proteins are denatured like during a hair permanent?
Disulfide bonds
Name a conjugated protein that is present inside cells.
Chlorophyll, hemoglobin, myoglobin
Which is larger, adenine or thymine?
Adenine
What two parts make up each adenosine?
Ribose sugar and adenine
What does the D stand for in the molecule NAD?
Dinucleotide
What RNA base is complimentary to guanine in DNA?
Cytosine
Which sugar has a higher molecualr weight, the sugar in DNA or the sugar in RNA?
RNA
Name a double helix molecule that we have discussed in class other than DNA.
Thin filament/ f-actin
Name the enzyme that causes DNA to transcribe
RNA polymerase
How many bases make up each codon in mRNA?
3
What is the name for the codon that means "start synthesis here?"
Initiator
If DNA has a triplet sequence of TGA, what would the base sequence be on the anticodon for its expression?
UGA
What molecule do tRNA molecules bring to a ribosome which they leave behind when they move away from the ribosome?
Amino Acid
What RNA nucleotide base sequence is complimentary to a base sequence of TCA on DNA?
AGU
What specific molecule determines the sequence of amino acid placement in the ribosome?
mRNA
What organelle is the "protein factory" in cells?
Ribosome
Is it possible for more than one polypeptide to be syntesized from the same mRNA at the same time?
Yes
About how many amino acids can be polymerized in one second by a typical eukaryotic ribosome?
333 +/- 10
What is the name for the molecular movement that physicists call heat and biologists call diffusion?
Brownian
Is it necessary for carbon dioxide to pass through a protein channel in order to cross the cell membrane?
No
What type of organic molecule are all carrier molecules made of?
Protein
Which molecuel has a higher ion hydration energy; sodium or potassium?
Sodium
How do drugs like procaine or tetracaine cause an inhibition of neuron depolarizations?
Inhibit Na+ channels
What RNA nucleotide base sequence is complimentary to a base sequence of TCA on DNA?
AGU
What specific molecule determines the sequence of amino acid placement in the ribosome?
mRNA
What organelle is the "protein factory" in cells?
Ribosome
Is it possible for more than one polypeptide to be syntesized from the same mRNA at the same time?
Yes
About how many amino acids can be polymerized in one second by a typical eukaryotic ribosome?
333 +/- 10
What is the name for the molecular movement that physicists call heat and biologists call diffusion?
Brownian
Is it necessary for carbon dioxide to pass through a protein channel in order to cross the cell membrane?
No
What type of organic molecule are all carrier molecules made of?
Protein
Which molecuel has a higher ion hydration energy; sodium or potassium?
Sodium
How do drugs like procaine or tetracaine cause an inhibition of neuron depolarizations?
Inhibit Na+ channels
Does hypercalcemia cause a neuron to become hyperpolarized or hypopolarized?
Hyperpolarized
Which is more like squeezing a trigger, hyperpolarization or hypopolarization?
Hypopolarization
What hormone causes water to be resorbed from kidney filtrate?
ADH
what active process uses about 40% of our resting energy?
Na+/K+ pump
During secondary active transport, what substance is actively pumped intot he interstitial space?
Na+
Give an example of an ion that is pumped across a mambrane by counter transport.
Ca++
By what process does glucose cross the cell membrane when it is absorbed into the gut epithelial cells?
Co-transport
How does glucose get out of the gut epithelial cells on its way to a blood capillary?
Facilitated diffusion
In what organ other than the gut does secondary active transport of glucose and amino acids occur?
Kidney
Give the name for the junctions between cells that prevent water or ions from leaking between cells.
Tight junctions
What connections between pancreatic acini cells allow them to "communicate" with each other and coordinate secretion?
GoP junctions
Name the junctions between cells that hold the cells securely together.
Desmosomes
What types of molecules are the 40s unit of ribosomes made of and how many of each type do they represent?
1 RNA & 33 proteins
What is the full name for what the "s" represents in the unit measure of relative size of ribosomal parts, like 40s?
Suedberg
What molecule is produced during oxidative phosphorylation?
ATP
Other than the Golgi, what cellular organelle modifies proteins to be secreted from the cell?
ER
Give the name for the membrane stacks that are present in Golgi
Cisternae
Write the chemical formula for hydrogen peroxide.
H2O2
What organelle is produced by Golgi and then fuses with an endocytotic vesicle to digest its contents?
Lysosome
What substance along with hydroquinone is released by Bombadier beetles to cause an explosion?
H2O2
What organelle produces the most ATP inside cells?
Mitochondria
What molecule is the "blue print" of the cell?
DNA
What amino acid must someone avoid in their diet if they have PKU?
Phenylalanine
Is PKU a dominant characteristic or a recessive characteristic?
Recessive
Which band in the sarcomere contains all parts of thick filaments and some parts of thin filaments?
A-bands
What line in a sarcomere separates one sarcomere from another?
Z lines
Give the name for the tube-like parts of the sarcolemma that extend deep into the muscle cell.
Transverse tubule
Which are the larger molecules, G-actin, or F-actin?
F-actin
Name the contractile protein that is used to detect cardiac damage by finding it in blood after a suspected myocardial attack.
Troponin
Name the long protein that lies along thin muscle filaments.
Tropomyosin
How many hours after death does rigor mortis set in?
3
What molecules in muscle cells can take a phosphate from ATP, but give it back very quickly later, thus creating ATP "reserves?"
Creatine or Creatine Kinase
About how long will it take to use up all existing ATP, plus its existing reserves during maximal exertion?
8-10 seconds
What color (or type) of muscle fibers have the greatest strength?
White (II B, FF)
What color (or type) of muscle fibers have the largest quantity of myoglobin?
Dark (Type 1, SO)
What color (or type) of muscle fibers have the largest quantity of capillaries surrounding them?
Dark (Type 1, SO)
What type of receptors are present on muscle cell membranes that respond to the neurotransmitter that stimulates them?
Nicotinic
Write out the whole name for the enzyme in the synapse that breaks down the myoneural neurotransmitter.
Acetylcolinesterase
Which side of a muscle cell membrane has a higher concentration of potassium?
Inside
What gates are open during the relative refractory period in neurons?
Potassium
Other than voltage change, mechanical stimulus, or light stimulus, what stimulus causes sodium channels to open?
Chemical stimulus
Is there an absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle?
Yes