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172 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What three elements are present in all organic molecules?
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C, H, O
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What is oligodipsia?
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little drinking
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What monosaccharide is present in sucrose besides glucose?
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fructose
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other than chitin, what is the most abundant carbohydrate on earth?
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Cellulose
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What type of lipids are the hemes found in hemoglobin?
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Porphyrins
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Write out the whole name for LDL that carries cholesterol in blood.
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Low Density Lipoproteins
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Is the molecule C17H33COOH a saturated or unsaturated molecule?
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Unsaturated
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How many kilocalories are there in 100 grams of fat?
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900
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what property does a phospholipid have that makes one end hydrophilic?
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Polarity
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What is the name of the modified amino acid that is abundant in collagen?
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Hydroxyproline
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what protein is produced in an abnormal form in someone who has scurvy?
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Collagen
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Give the name for the type of metabolism that means " to build molecules up into larger units?"
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Anabolism
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What is lowered by an enzyme in order to make the reaction it causes to occur?
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Activation Energy
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How many different types of amino acids can be assembled into proteins at a ribosome?
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20
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Of the four configurations of protein molecules (primary, secondary, etc.), which one is a hemoglobin an example?
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Quaternary
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What is the general name for the group of amino acids that cannot be synthesized in the body?
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Essential
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Clearly print the name for ATP
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Adenosintriphosphate
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What bonds between certain amino acids are broken when a protein is denatured?
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Sulfide/Disulfide
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What RNA nucleotide base is complimentary to adenine in DNA?
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Uracil
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What DNA nucleotide base is complementay to guanine in DNA?
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Cytosine
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What group of compunds are produced by DNA and RNA which control the activities of their cell?
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Proteins
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What is the name for the codon that means "end synthesis here?"
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Terminator
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Give the name for the enzyme that allows DNA to replicate itself?
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DNA polymerase
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What molecule brings a specific amino acid to a ribosome?
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tRNA
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Of the 64 total codons, how many of them have anticodons to match?
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61
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What specific molecule determines the sequence of amino acid placement in the ribosome?
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mRNA
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Is DNA directly able to synthesize steroids?
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No
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What specific molecule possess anticodons?
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tRNA
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What is the general name for any signaling chemical like AcH or a hormone that binds to a receptor on a cell membrane?
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Ligand
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Does alcohol easily diffuse through all cell membranes?
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Yes
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Can a tiny cation like hydrogen easily pass through the double phospholipid layer of a cell membrane?
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No
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Which molecules jiggle at a faster rate, larger molecules or smaller molecules?
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Smaller
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What is produced during transcription?
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tRNA
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What is the general name for the protein molecules that carry free passage of substances like glucose across a cell membrane?
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Transport protein/carrier molecule
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Is the diffusion of sodium into a cell during depolarization an active or passive process?
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Passive
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During secondary active transport of glucose in the gut, what substance is actively pumped into the interstitial space?
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Na+
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Which ion channels are "strong and small," that is strongly charged while having a relatively small caliber?
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Na+
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Which has a greater ion hydration energy, Mg or Ca?
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Mg
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Which type of pump in the cells membrane require about 40% of the body's resting energy?
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Na+/K+
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Does a calcium pump move calcium with or against the gradient?
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Against
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Write out the whole name for the hormone that allows water to be reabsorbed from the filtrate that is in the DCT.
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Antidiuretic Hormone
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Does hypocalcemia cause neurons to become hypopolarized or hyperpolarized?
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Hypopolarized
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How many potassium ions are moved into a cell with each stroke of the Na+/K+ pump?
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2
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During co-transport, what substanse comes across the cell membrane along with glucose?
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Na+
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Give the name for the junctions between cells that prevent water from leaking past cells.
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Tight
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What is the combined Svedberg weight of both units on a eukaryotic ribosome?
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100
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Name an antibiotic that blocks synthesis on prokaryotic ribosomes.
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Tetracycline
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Other than Golgi, what cellular organelle modifies proteins to be secreted from the cell?
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ER
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What is the name for the pancake-like membrane stacks in Golgi apparatus?
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Cisternae
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Other than the nucleus, what other cellular organelle contains DNA?
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Mitochondria
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What unique pump do lysosomes have in their membrane that controls their pH inside?
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H+ pump
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Which of the two types of ER would be used ot detox phenobarbitol?
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Smooth
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What cellular organelle do bombadier beetles use to make a gas to explode in the face of an enemy?
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Peroxisome
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What is the name for the shelves that are made of the inner mitochondrial membrane?
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Cristae
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Write out the two word name for the process by which mitochondria add a third phosphate to ATP
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Oxidative phosphorylation
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Which membrane layer in the mitochondria is most impermeable?
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Inner
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What is the name for any ion or molecule that has unpaired electrons in its outermost energy level?
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Radical
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Name the tiny globular proteins that clump together as nucleosomes which DNA wraps around in chromosomes?
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Histones
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Which band in the sarcomere contains only thin filaments and no thick filaments at all?
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I band
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What is the name for the contractile unit in a muscle cell that is located between two Z lines?
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Sarcomere
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Which is larger, a muscle fiber, or a muscle fascicle?
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Fascicle
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Which two bands in a sarcomere become narrower during contraction?
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I & H bands
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Which myofilaments are supported by Titin proteins?
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Myosin
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What muscle protein is a tripeptide?
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Troponin
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Name the extentions of the muscle cells membrane that extend into the cell to contract sarcoplasmic reticulum.
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T-tubule
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What enzyme is often detected in a blood test that tells a physician that the person has had a heart attack?
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Creatine Kinese CK
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What color (or type) of muscle fibers generate ATP most slowly?
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White, light, FO, Fast
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What is the specific type of neurotransmitter receptor that is present on the surface of a muscle cell membrane?
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Nicotinic
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Other than chemical stimulus, mechanicla stimulus, or light stimulus, what stimulus causes sodium channels to open?
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Voltage change
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Is the concentration of potassium higher inside a cell or is it higher ouside a cell that is polarized?
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Inside
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What gates are open during the absolute refractory period in neurons?
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Na+
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What molecule is combined with choline to produce acetylcholine?
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Acetate
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Name a toxin or drug that blocks the release of the neurotransmitter at a motor end organ.
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Botulinus
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what gates in the cell membrane open to allow a cell to repolarize?
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K+
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What does tetrodotoxin (TTX) do at the cellular level to cause paralysis?
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Blocks Na+ channels
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What type of toxin could be used to treat srtabismus or blepharospasms?
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Botulinus Botox myobloc
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What type of contraction occurs when the muscle contracts, but no movement occurs; like pressing your hands together?
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Isometric
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name the period between the time that a muscle cell is stimulated and contraction actually begins?
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Latent period
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What is the name for a sustained and continuous voluntary contraction of a muscle?
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Tonus or Tetony
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Other than hydrogen or oxygen, what other element is present in all organic molecules?
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Carbon
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What does "Sacchar" mean in greek?
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Sugar
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By what chemical process is an oligosaccharide converted into polysaccharides/
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Dehydration synthesis
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Other than glucose, what are sucrose molecules made of?
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Fructose
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Name one of the two most abundant polymers on earth?
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Cellulose or Chitin
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Which blood lipoprotein is considered to be "bad cholesterol?"
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LDL
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Name an eicosanoid.
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Prostoglandin or Leukotriene
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How much energy is stored in each gram of fat?
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9 Kcal
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Is eicosapentaenoic acid saturated or unsaturated?
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Unsaturated
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Name the double bond between carbons in fatty acids that causes them to lie in a straight and compact shape.
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Trans
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About how many carbons are present in the alcohol of beeswax?
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28-30 +/- 5
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What is the name for the spherical orange-like clusters of phospholipids that float around in blood and water?
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Micelles
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Other than phosphate, what element is present in phospholipids that is absent in triglycerides?
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Nitrogen
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What specific molecule does meat tenderizer break down?
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Collagen
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What general type of a protein functions to lower the energy of activation of a molecular reaction?
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Enzyme
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How many different types of amino acids are included in the genetic code?
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20
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What research project was Roseland Franklyn working on at Kings College in England?
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DNA Structure
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Of the four configurations of protein molecules (primary, secondary, etc.) which one is myoglobin an example?
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Tertiary
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What specific bonds are broken and reset when proteins are denatured like during a hair permanent?
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Disulfide bonds
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Name a conjugated protein that is present inside cells.
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Chlorophyll, hemoglobin, myoglobin
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Which is larger, adenine or thymine?
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Adenine
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What two parts make up each adenosine?
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Ribose sugar and adenine
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What does the D stand for in the molecule NAD?
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Dinucleotide
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What RNA base is complimentary to guanine in DNA?
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Cytosine
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Which sugar has a higher molecualr weight, the sugar in DNA or the sugar in RNA?
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RNA
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Name a double helix molecule that we have discussed in class other than DNA.
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Thin filament/ f-actin
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Name the enzyme that causes DNA to transcribe
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RNA polymerase
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How many bases make up each codon in mRNA?
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3
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What is the name for the codon that means "start synthesis here?"
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Initiator
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If DNA has a triplet sequence of TGA, what would the base sequence be on the anticodon for its expression?
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UGA
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What molecule do tRNA molecules bring to a ribosome which they leave behind when they move away from the ribosome?
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Amino Acid
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What RNA nucleotide base sequence is complimentary to a base sequence of TCA on DNA?
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AGU
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What specific molecule determines the sequence of amino acid placement in the ribosome?
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mRNA
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What organelle is the "protein factory" in cells?
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Ribosome
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Is it possible for more than one polypeptide to be syntesized from the same mRNA at the same time?
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Yes
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About how many amino acids can be polymerized in one second by a typical eukaryotic ribosome?
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333 +/- 10
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What is the name for the molecular movement that physicists call heat and biologists call diffusion?
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Brownian
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Is it necessary for carbon dioxide to pass through a protein channel in order to cross the cell membrane?
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No
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What type of organic molecule are all carrier molecules made of?
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Protein
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Which molecuel has a higher ion hydration energy; sodium or potassium?
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Sodium
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How do drugs like procaine or tetracaine cause an inhibition of neuron depolarizations?
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Inhibit Na+ channels
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What RNA nucleotide base sequence is complimentary to a base sequence of TCA on DNA?
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AGU
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What specific molecule determines the sequence of amino acid placement in the ribosome?
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mRNA
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What organelle is the "protein factory" in cells?
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Ribosome
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Is it possible for more than one polypeptide to be syntesized from the same mRNA at the same time?
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Yes
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About how many amino acids can be polymerized in one second by a typical eukaryotic ribosome?
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333 +/- 10
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What is the name for the molecular movement that physicists call heat and biologists call diffusion?
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Brownian
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Is it necessary for carbon dioxide to pass through a protein channel in order to cross the cell membrane?
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No
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What type of organic molecule are all carrier molecules made of?
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Protein
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Which molecuel has a higher ion hydration energy; sodium or potassium?
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Sodium
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How do drugs like procaine or tetracaine cause an inhibition of neuron depolarizations?
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Inhibit Na+ channels
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Does hypercalcemia cause a neuron to become hyperpolarized or hypopolarized?
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Hyperpolarized
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Which is more like squeezing a trigger, hyperpolarization or hypopolarization?
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Hypopolarization
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What hormone causes water to be resorbed from kidney filtrate?
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ADH
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what active process uses about 40% of our resting energy?
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Na+/K+ pump
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During secondary active transport, what substance is actively pumped intot he interstitial space?
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Na+
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Give an example of an ion that is pumped across a mambrane by counter transport.
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Ca++
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By what process does glucose cross the cell membrane when it is absorbed into the gut epithelial cells?
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Co-transport
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How does glucose get out of the gut epithelial cells on its way to a blood capillary?
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Facilitated diffusion
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In what organ other than the gut does secondary active transport of glucose and amino acids occur?
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Kidney
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Give the name for the junctions between cells that prevent water or ions from leaking between cells.
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Tight junctions
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What connections between pancreatic acini cells allow them to "communicate" with each other and coordinate secretion?
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GoP junctions
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Name the junctions between cells that hold the cells securely together.
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Desmosomes
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What types of molecules are the 40s unit of ribosomes made of and how many of each type do they represent?
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1 RNA & 33 proteins
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What is the full name for what the "s" represents in the unit measure of relative size of ribosomal parts, like 40s?
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Suedberg
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What molecule is produced during oxidative phosphorylation?
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ATP
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Other than the Golgi, what cellular organelle modifies proteins to be secreted from the cell?
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ER
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Give the name for the membrane stacks that are present in Golgi
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Cisternae
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Write the chemical formula for hydrogen peroxide.
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H2O2
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What organelle is produced by Golgi and then fuses with an endocytotic vesicle to digest its contents?
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Lysosome
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What substance along with hydroquinone is released by Bombadier beetles to cause an explosion?
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H2O2
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What organelle produces the most ATP inside cells?
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Mitochondria
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What molecule is the "blue print" of the cell?
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DNA
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What amino acid must someone avoid in their diet if they have PKU?
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Phenylalanine
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Is PKU a dominant characteristic or a recessive characteristic?
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Recessive
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Which band in the sarcomere contains all parts of thick filaments and some parts of thin filaments?
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A-bands
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What line in a sarcomere separates one sarcomere from another?
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Z lines
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Give the name for the tube-like parts of the sarcolemma that extend deep into the muscle cell.
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Transverse tubule
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Which are the larger molecules, G-actin, or F-actin?
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F-actin
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Name the contractile protein that is used to detect cardiac damage by finding it in blood after a suspected myocardial attack.
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Troponin
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Name the long protein that lies along thin muscle filaments.
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Tropomyosin
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How many hours after death does rigor mortis set in?
|
3
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What molecules in muscle cells can take a phosphate from ATP, but give it back very quickly later, thus creating ATP "reserves?"
|
Creatine or Creatine Kinase
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About how long will it take to use up all existing ATP, plus its existing reserves during maximal exertion?
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8-10 seconds
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What color (or type) of muscle fibers have the greatest strength?
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White (II B, FF)
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What color (or type) of muscle fibers have the largest quantity of myoglobin?
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Dark (Type 1, SO)
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What color (or type) of muscle fibers have the largest quantity of capillaries surrounding them?
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Dark (Type 1, SO)
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What type of receptors are present on muscle cell membranes that respond to the neurotransmitter that stimulates them?
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Nicotinic
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Write out the whole name for the enzyme in the synapse that breaks down the myoneural neurotransmitter.
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Acetylcolinesterase
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Which side of a muscle cell membrane has a higher concentration of potassium?
|
Inside
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What gates are open during the relative refractory period in neurons?
|
Potassium
|
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Other than voltage change, mechanical stimulus, or light stimulus, what stimulus causes sodium channels to open?
|
Chemical stimulus
|
|
Is there an absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle?
|
Yes
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