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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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where does the most reduction in # of sperm?
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the cervix. 97% get lost here
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how long is the sperms survival window?
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24-48 hours
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What assists sperm transport in the uterus?
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myometrial contraction due to prostaglands from seminferous tubule,
and acts on estrogen primed tissue |
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where does fertilization occur?
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in the ampulla of an oviduct
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when does the acrosome reaction occur?
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when the sperm his the zona pellucida (ZP2/ZP3)
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when does a primary oocyte become a secondary oocyte?
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during ovulation
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when does a definitive oocyte get created?
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upon binding of sperm
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what makes a zygote?
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pronucleus of sperm is oncorporated into the ovum
single celled embryo |
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what does the zona reaction do?
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this prevents polyspermy
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In what order do the following events occur in fertilization?
acrosome fusing zona capacitation |
capacitation
acrosome rxn fusing zona reaction |
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how long between does it take between implantation and fertilization?
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6-8 days
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what does progesterone do to help implantation?
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this converts the uterus to secretory phase
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what days are optimal for implantation?
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days 20-24
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what are trophoblasts? where are they?
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these become the placenta eventually, they are the out layer of cells of the blastocyst
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What is the name of the thing that actually implants in the uterine wall?
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a blastocyst
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what does the inner cell mass of a blastocyst do?
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this becomes embryo
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What are cytotrophoblasts, what do they do?
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these are the innerlayer of the trophoblast- release hormones like CRH, GnRH, TRH
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what do syncytiotrophoblasts do? what are they?
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these are the outer layer of the trophoblast, secrete hCG
this replaces maternal endothelium (forms lacuna) |
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in what form does the fertilized egg implant in the uterus?
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blastocyst
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During pregnancy what secretes hCG?
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both maternal and fetal
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During pregnancy what does hCG do?
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this has the same actions as LH, maintaining the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone and estrogen
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During pregnancy what may cause morning sickness?
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hCG maybe
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During pregnancy why is hCG maintained following its peak?
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adrenal/placental steriodogeneis, testosterone production
immunosuppression thyrotropic activity |
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what are hCG's like in a hydatidifrom mole?
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constant slow rise in hCG levels, no leveling off
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what are the hCG's like in ectopic pregnancy?
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hCG rises more slowly than usual
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what are hCG's like in fetal death?
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levels rise normally, then fall off
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What is the timeline for progesterone production during pregnancy? (what makes it when?)
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1st 12 weeks- corpus luteum
after 12 weeks- placenta but between weeks 6-12- both placenta and corpus luteum |
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what hormone is essential for implantation and maintenance of the fetus?
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progesterone
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what signals the luteal to placental shift?
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the drop in 17a-hydroxyprogestrone
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What are the important things progesterone does?
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inhibits myometrial contraction
inhibits prostoglands in uterus converts uterus to secretory gland development of alveolus and lobule in breast |
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how does estrogen change during pregnancy?
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it increases during all of pregnancy
Estriol is the hormone of pregnancy |
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what hormone in the placenta regulated 20,22 desmolase?
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hCG, this mimics LH
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what is the precursor for estriol?
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DHEA
(this requires both the fetus and placenta) |
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What does estrogen do to prolactin?
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this stimulates its release, but inhibits actual lactation from taking place
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what does human chorionic somatomammotropin do?
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this helps breast development
activates enzymes that produce breast milk lipolysis insulin antagonist (increases glucose) "the hCS diet" |
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what makes Relaxin?
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corpus luteum, decidua, placenta
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What does relaxin do?
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this relaxes pelvic ligaments and softens uterine cervix during birth
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when is relaxin the highest?
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during the first trimester
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What cells make prolactin?
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lactotrophs
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what two hormones control prolactin release?
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Dopamine (inhibits it- ALWAYS)
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (stimulatory) |
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what hormone does not increase all throught pregnancy?
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hCG drops off after the 1st trimester
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what two hormones relax the pelvic ligaments for child birth?
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estrogen and relaxin
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What is the oxytocin receptor theory for labor induction?
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increase in oxytocin receptors in myometrium, induced by increasing levels of E2
this premits strong coordinated contraction in response to normal oxytocin levels. |
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what is the fetal cortisol theory of labor induction?
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fetal cortisol promotes conversion of progesterone into E2, which enters maternal blood.
estrogen increases |
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whats the placental clock theory of labor induction?
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placental CRH increases with maturity.
this drives ACTH release-> more cortisol-> more CRH (positive feedbackloop) CRH ALSO drives prostoglandin synthesis |
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What hormone is released during parturition? what way?
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oxytocin is released in a pulsatile pattern.
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how does the cervix affect oxytocin release during birth?
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this creates a positive feedback loop as the baby is pushed into it
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what hormone is responsible for labor and delivery?
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oxytocin
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what stimulates duct growth of the breast?
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estrogens
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what stimulates development of the lobules and alveoli in breasts?
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progesterone, prolactin, and hCS
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what stimulates milk enzymes production?
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prolactin
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how does cortisol affect estrogen and progestrone?
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high cortisol ends up producing more estrogen
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does lactation occur during pregnancy?
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no, estrogen and progesterone are too high
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What suppresses ovulation during lactation?
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HIGH prolactin--
this inihibits GnRH, inhibits GnRH action, Antagonizes LH and FSH |
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what hormone is involved in milk let down?
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Oxytocin
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what process studied does not involve a positive feedback loop?
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gametogenesis
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What is colostrum?
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this is what is initally produced by breast milk.
consists of protein, lactose, fat, IGA |
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how does the anterior pituitary change during pregnancy?
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this size increases, due to estrogen stimulation of lactotorphs
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What happens to thyroid binding globulin during pregnancy?
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it increases, total t3 and t4 goes up
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how does cortisol change during pregnancy? and cortisol binding protein?
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both of these increase during pregnancy
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how does PTH and vitamin D change during pregnancy?
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both increase, needed to enhance Ca2+
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What metabolic state are women in during the 1st 4 months? what about the latter half?
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Anabolic state at first
catabolic state in the latter half (due to hCS) |
