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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What causes emphysema?
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a Alpha 1 anti-trypsin deficiency.
tyrpsin released from macrophages will destroy the alveolar walls increase in elastase production by neutrophils |
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What causes COPD bronchitis?
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this is caused by smoking
causes hypertrophy of mucus glands in larger airways. increased gland to wall ratio |
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What defines COPD type A?
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this is "pink puffers"
shortness of breath increasing over 3-5 years weight loss NOT cyanotic overexpanded chest (maybe mild hypoxemia, normal Paco2) |
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What defines COPD type B?
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Blue Bloaters
-chronic cough -sputum -cyanotic -rales -increased jugular venous pressure -ankle edema (low paO2, increased PaCo2) |
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How does COPD, asthma affect the airways?
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this increases the thickness of the walls, caused by inflammation/histamine related edema.
plugs airway with mucus secretions hyperresponsive airways and constricting spasms |
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How does the RV/TLC ratio change in COPD? why?
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this will increase the RV/TLC ratio, due to an increase in trapped air (increased RV)
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How does the FEV1/FVC ratio change in COPD? why?
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this like asthma, will decrease the FEV1/FVC ratio.
FEV1 and FVC are both decreased, but FEV1 decreases more. (i.e the air is pushed out more slowly overall) |
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How does compliance change in emphysema?
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this is an increase in compliance (so smaller changes in pressure result in large changes in volume of the lungs)
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during forceful expiration, what part of the lungs collapse in COPD pts?
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this will collapse the airway, due to the lack of elastic tissue in pts with emphysemia (a type of COPD)
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What are the 3 restrictive lung diseases?
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pulmonary fibrosis
sarcoidosis scoliosis |
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What are the two types of COPD (obstructive lung diseases)
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Emphysema
asthma |
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What causes Pulmonary fibrosis? signs?
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this is a thickening of the alveolar wall
- infiltrated with lymphocytes - exudate in alveoli (protein and junk) - scarring of destroyed alveoli - shallow rapid breathing |
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How does compliance, volume, and lung pressures change in fibrosis?
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the compliance will decrease
lung volumes will decrease and more pressure will be needed to inflate the lungs |
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What type of disease is sarcoidosis? what causes it?
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this is a restrictive disease, so it lowers lung volumes and compliance
causes by granulomas in the lung tissue. decreasing compliance and stiffening the lung increased FEV1/FVC ratio |
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what type of disease is scoliosis? pulmonary signs
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this is a restrictive disease.
cant take a deep breath, so uses rapid shallow breathing instead. lowers lung volumes, hypoxemia |
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How is scoliosis named?
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it is named for the convexity
dextroscoliosis= convexity on the right side levosocliosis= convexity on the left |
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what is the normal FEV1/FVC ratio?
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.8
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How does the FEV1/FVC ratio change in restrictive lung disease?
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this increases, due to a low FVC, but only mild decrease in FEV1 (aka you can blast out what little air you have quickly, but thats it)
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How does compliance change during restrictive lung disease?
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this will decrease compliance (like in fibrosis)
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What is the normal RV to TLC ratio?
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less than or equal to .25
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How does TLC, RV, and PEFR change in restrictive disease?
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TLC decreases
RV decreases PEFR decreases |
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How does TLC, RV and PEFR change with COPD?
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TLC is much higher
RV is much higher too PEFR decreases also note a scooping on the expiratory airway, due to narrowing of the airways (like emphysema collapse) |
