Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
-spirometry -what do you measure it with, and how does it work |
-pulmonary function test to determine the amount and rate of inspired and expired air -electronic spirometers- act as air flow transducers |
|
|
spirogram |
lung volumes and capacities |
|
|
-tidal volume (TD) -inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) -expiratory reserve volume (ERV) -residual volume (RV) |
-the amount of air inspired and expired during each cycle -amount of air you can force in after normally breathing in - THE MAX -opposite to IRV -amount of air left in your lungs after forced exhalation that can't be accessed, cant use spirometer on it |
|
|
-capacity measures mean... -vital capacity (VC) -inspiratory capacity -functional residual capacity (FRC) -total lung capacity (TLC) |
-capacities of two or more lung volumes -max amount of air that can be exhaled after a max inhalation (IRV, TV, ERV) - max amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled (TV, IRV) - amount of air left in the lungs after a normal exhalation (RV, ERV) - amount of air in the lungs after max inspiration (TV, IRV, FRC -or- RV, VC) |
|
|
minute (total) ventilation alveolar ventilation |
-total air moved into respiratory system per minute -into alveoli |
|
|
FEV1 FVC |
-forced expiratory volume- amount of air you can breathe out in 1 second -amount of air you can force out after max inspiration as fast as possible |
|
|
3 main patterns in a spirometery test |
normal, obstructive, restrictive |
|
|
obstructive pattern FEV/FVC name the diseases |
-shortness of breath due to difficulty in exhaling a normal amount of air. Breathing is slower and a large amount of air remains in the lung FEV more reduced than FVC. FEC/FVC<0.7 -bronchial asthma, cystic fibrosis, obstructive pulmonary disease |
|
|
restrictive pattern FEV/FVC |
-can't fill lungs with enough air, lungs are restricted from fully expanding (usually due to stiff lungs, nerve damage or weak muscles) -FEV and FVC reduced and VC. REV/FVC normal |
|
|
helium dilution method |
helium insoluble in blood after several breaths, helium equilibrates C2 measures after expiration |
|
|
static properties of the lung |
mechanical properties when no air is flowing PIP, PTP static compliance of the lung surface pressure of the lung |
|
|
dynamic properties of the lung |
mechanical properties of the lung when air is flowing in and out and when the lung volume changes PAV dynamic compliance of the lung airway and tissue resistance |
|
|
-ventilation -bulk flow -Boyle's law |
-exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli -air moves from high to low pressure -at room temp, pressure and volume are inversely proportional |
|
|
parietal pleura visceral pleura |
parietal: cover thoracic wall and superior diaphragm visceral: cover the lungs |
|
|
2 resistive forces |
inertia of respiratory system friction |
|
|
3 airflow patterns |
-laminar flow (small radius, distal from terminal bronchioles -transitional airflow (bronchial tree) -turbulent flow (highest resistance, highest radius, highest velocities, big airways) |
|
|
laminar flow and poiseuilles law |
resistance proportional to the viscosity and length of tube, but inverse to the radius |
|
|
air moves in and out of lungs due to variations in which 3 pressures |
P(IP) P(ALV)-dynamic P(TP)- static |
|
|
PTP responsible for what |
keeping the alveoli open (pressure gradient across alveolar wall). Always want it to be above 0. Does not cause airflow, but affects lung volume. P(AV) will cause air flow |
|
|
steps in inspiration |
-diaphragm and inspiratory intercostals contract -thorax expand -P(IP) more sub atmospheric -P(TP) gets higher -lungs expand -P(ALV) are sub atmospheric -air moves in |
|
|
expiration |
exact opposite |
|
|
in diseases, small airways play a larger role in determining airflow resistance than large ones (usually other way around). why (3) |
get blocked by -smooth muscle contraction -edema -mucous |
|
|
lung compliance |
change in lung volume / transpulmonary pressure (static or dynamic) |
|
|
when is static lung compliance measures |
FRC (end of breath) |
|
|
dynamic compliance |
P(TP) always changing reflects lung stiffness and resistance to airflow always less or equal to static lung compliance |
|
|
hysteresis |
difference between inflation and deflation compliance paths. It exists because a greater pressure difference is required toopen a previously closed (or narrowed) airway than to keep anopen airway from closing. |
|
|
what happens with age |
lower elastics and collagen= high compliance |
|
|
emphysema |
lower elasticity= higher compliance and alveolar wall destruction time to fill and empty lungs is increased dont need as much PTP |
|
|
pulmonary fibrosis |
collagen deposition=higher compliance need more PTP |
|
|
lung compliance determined by (2) |
-elastic components (collagen, elastin) -surface tension at the air-water interface at the alveoli (negative relationship) makes up 2/3 of the compliance |
|
|
surface tension |
a measure of the attracting forces acting to pull aliquid’s surface molecules together at an air-liquid interface. |
