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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hyperventalation causes:
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respiratory alkalosis.
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Hypoventilation causes:
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respiratory acidosis.
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what is the driving force for air flow within the lungs?
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the partial pressure gradient.
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Where does convection respiration take place?
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- Occurs within the conduction zone, down to the 16th generation of division.
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Discuss diffusion in respiration?
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Diffusion - velocity of air flow is approaching zero.- most fundamental mechanism of exchange. - partial pressure gradient is the driving force for transport (within the respiratory zone). |
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what is in the upper and lower respiratory tract?
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Upper:
- nose, pharynx. Lower: - Larynx, trachea - bronchi, lungs |
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Discuss the nasal cavity.
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Nasal cavity;
- ciliated mucous membranes are located inferior to the olfactory epithelium. - with goblet cells secreting mucus to trap debris and moisten the cavity. - Cilia sweep mucous and debris toward the pharynx. - olfactory neurons - chemoreceptors at the cilia (non-motile olfactory hairs) |
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True or false:
the inferior ligaments contain the vestibular folds. the superior ligaments contain the vocal folds. |
False:
Superior ligaments: vestibular folds prevents food from entering or air from leaving when closing. Inferior ligaments: vocal chords. |
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True or false:
no gas exchange occurs in conducting airways. |
true.
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Describe the trachea.
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The trachea is a membranous tube.
- dense connective tissue and smooth muscle. - reinforced with C-shaped cartilage. - Ciliated epithlium (sweep mucus towards the pharynx) |
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True or false:
the right primary bronchus is short and wider than the left. |
True:
The right primary bronchus is shorter and wider; more vertically aligned. |
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How is air movement driven in the conducting airways and the respiratory zone?
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conducting airways: convection
Respiratory Zone: diffusion |
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What is alveolar ventilation?
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Air delivery to and removal from the respiratory zone
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Discuss alveoli:
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- area in which gas exchange occurs.
- our lungs contain approx 300 million alveoli. - alveolar diameter ranges from 70-300um - average diameter of 250 um |
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What are the types of alveolar cells.
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Alveolar cells (pneumocytes)
1. Type 1 alveolar cells: - forms the alveolar walls. - single layer of cells. - for gas exchange. 2. Type II alveolar (septal) cells. - secrete alveolar fluid - Secrete surfactant * phospholipoprotein complex. * Facilitates lung expansion. - does repair. |
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what do alveolar macrophages do?
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Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
- keep the alveolar space clean. - remove dust particles and debris. |
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Epithelial basement membranes;
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form the underlying of alveolar cells.
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what types of cells secrete surfactant?
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Type II alveolar (septal) cells.
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Discuss surfactant.
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Surfactant:
- secreted by type II alveolar (septal) cells - pulmonary surfactant is a mixture of proteins (10%) and lipids (90%) - One of the most important physiological functions of surfactant is to reduce the surface tension. - Surface tension is created by the water-air interfaces within the lungs (resulting from the relatively high attraction of water molecules for each other). |
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True or false.
Surfactant reduces surface tension by 2/3 during quiet respiration. |
true.
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Define surface tension
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surface tension is a measure of the difficulty of stretching or breaking the surface of a liquid. - surface tension is very high at the interface between water and air (lungs).
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