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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the functions of the male reproductive system?
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Production of Sperm
Transport of Semen into the female reproductive tract |
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What effect does germinal epithelium have on sperm?
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The germinal epithelium of the seminiferous tubules produces spermatozoa by the process of spermatogenesis
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Explain the properties of a primary spermatocyte
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2N (diploid)
Contains 46 chormosomes (44 somatic plus XX or XY) Each chromosome has already replicated but is still attached by the centromere |
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What happens during the first division (meiosis I)
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Crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes
(one maternal, one paternal chromatid wrap around each other at one or more points) |
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What happens as a result of meiosis I
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TWO secondary spermatocytes are produced, each 1N (haploid) with 23 chromosomes
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What happens as a result of meiosis II
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Early spermatids are produced, each is haploid and is genetically unique because of crossing over
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What happens to the spermatids after they are produced?
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They undergo spermiogenesis where excess cytoplasm is lost and tail forms
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What is a function of Sertoli cells? I
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It serves as a blood/testes barrier
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What is a function of Sertoli cells? II
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It provides nutrients to developing sperm
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What is a function of Sertoli cells? III
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It aids in the production of testicular fluid (found in the lumen of seminiferous tubules)
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What is a function of Sertoli cells? IV
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It aids in the production of inhibin
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What is the function of interstitial cells?
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Produce testosterone
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Describe the pathway of the duct system
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Seminiferous Tubules
Straight Tubules Rete Tubules Efferent Ductules Epididymis (where sperm are stored and undergo final maturation) Ductus Deferens Ejaculatory Duct Urethra |
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What is the composition of Semen?
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60% seminal fluid produced by seminal vesicles
30% prostatic fluid produced by the prostate gland 5% bulbourethral fluid produced by the bulbourethral glands 5% sperm (300-400 million) |
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What is the pH of semen?
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7.35-7.50
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What is the volume of semen?
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3-4 ml per ejaculate
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What is the function of semen?
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Neutralizes the acidity of the vagina
Suspends the sperm Activates the sperm |
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What are the accessory organs of the male reproductive system?
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Scrotum and Penis
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What is the function of the scrotum?
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Support and protection of the testes. Must be suspended out of the body cavity to keep 1 degree cooler than body temperature, at which temp sperm mature
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What is the function of the penis?
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Transport semen into the female reproductive tract
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What are functions of testosterone? I
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Stimulates growth of male reproductive ducts, glands, and external genitalia
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What are functions of testosterone? II
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Stimulates growth of bones, muscles, larynx & vocal cords
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What are functions of testosterone? III
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Stimulates sebum secretion and hair growth on the face, axillae, chest and pubic region
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What are functions of testosterone? IV
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Responsible for male sex drive
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What are the functions of the Female Reproductive System?
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Production of Ova
Receptacle for spermatozoa Maintenance of developing embryo |
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Describe the production of ova (oogenesis)
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Same as for spermatogenesis except that only ONE functional ovum is produced
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What is the ovarian cycle?
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The development of the ovarian follicles which contain the developing ovum
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Describe the ovarian cycle
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Primordial follicle
Primary follicle Secondary follicle Graafian follicle Corpus hemorrhagicum Corpus luteum (estrogen & progesterone? |
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What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
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The Corpus Luteum degenerates in about 10 days and becomes a corpus albicans
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What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?
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The Corpus Luteum remains functional for about 3 months before degenerating into a corpus albicans
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What is the function of the Uterine Tubes or oviducts?
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To transport the ovum from the ovary into the uterus
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What is the mechanism for uterine tubes?
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The lining is ciliated and muscular contractions of the wall
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What is the function of the uterus?
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It contains and maintains the developing embryo
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What is the menstrual stage?
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The menstrual stage is days 1-5, which starts with the menses (endometrial lining of the uterus)
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What is the mechanism for the menstrual stage?
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Anterior pituitary releases
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Stimulating primary follicle to secondary follicle |
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What days is the proliferative stage?
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Days 6-14
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What is the mechanism of the proliferative stage?
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FSH
Stimulates secondary follicle into Graafian Follicle releases estrogen |
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What effects does estrogen have?
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Stimulates the development of endometrium
Stimulates the development of mammary glands Inhibits FSH secretion (after a certain point, as estrogen rises, FSH starts to drop) Stimulates LH Secretion |
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What causes ovulation, and on what day?
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LH causes ovulation on day 14
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What is the mechanism for the post ovulatory stage (days 15-28)?
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Secretion of LH
Stimulates Corpus Luteum Secreting Estrogen and Progesterone |
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What effects do Estrogen and progesterone have during the postovulatory stage?
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The endometrium becomes thick and vascular
It inhibits FSH and LH secretion, which Prevents development of another follicle |
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What happens in the postovulatory stage if fertilization of the ovum does not occur?
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Corpus luteum degenerates into a corpus albicans
Decrease of estrogen and progesterone secretion of menses & increase in FSH secretion Cycle starts over |
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What happens in the postovulatory stage if fertilization of the ovum occurs?
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Embryo secretes human chorionic gonadotrophic hormone (HCGH)
Stimulating the corpus luteum Continued secretion of estrogen and progesterone Endometrium is maintained, later the placenta will take over and produce estrogen and progesterone |
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What are the functions of the vagina?
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Discharge of the menses
Receptacle for penis Lower end of the birth canal |
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What are the components of the vulva?
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Mons Pubis
Labia Majora Labia Minora Clitoris |
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What is the mons pubis?
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The rounded area above the pubic symphysis
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What is the function of the labia majora and minora?
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To enclose and protect the vestibule which contains the openings of the vagina, urethra, & vestibular glands
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What is the clitoris associated with?
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The female sexual response
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What is the function of the mammary glands?
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Production and ejection of milk
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What is the mechanism by which the mammary glands produce milk?
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Decrease in estrogen & progesterone
Stimulates the anterior pituitary Secretes prolactin Stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk |
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What is the mechanism by which the mammary glands eject milk?
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Sucking action of baby
Stimulates the hypothalamus Stimulates the posterior pituitary Secretes Oxytocin Ejection of milk by mammary glands |
