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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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There are three ways how maleness and femaleness can be characterized. Name and explain them.
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- Genetic sex: whether the sex chromosomes are XX or XY.
- Gonadal sex: whether the gonads are testis of ovaries. - Phenotypic or genital sex: whether the person looks like male or female. |
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Which three cell types do male testis consist of?
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Germ cells, Sertoli cells, Leydig cells.
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What is the purpose of male testis germ cells?
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They produce spermatogonia.
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What is the purpose of male testis Sertoli cells?
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Synthesising a glycoprotein hormone called antimullerian hormone.
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What is the purpose of male testis Leydig cells?
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Synthesis of testosterone.
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Which three cell layers do ovaries have?
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Germ cells, granulosa cells, theca cells.
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What do female ovary germ cells do?
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Produce oogonia.
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What is the purpose of female ovary theca cells?
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Synthesis of progesterone and (together with granulosa cells) estradiol.
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What are two key differences between male and female gonads that influence phenotypic sex?
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1. The testes synthesise antimullerian hormone, ovaries do not.
2. Testes synthesise testosterone, ovaries do not. |
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Which two hormones are decisive in determining that the fetus will be a phenotypic male?
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Testosterone and antimullerian.
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What does internal genital tract include in males?
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Prostate, seminal vesicles, vas deferens, epididymis.
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What are external male genitalia?
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Penis and scrotum.
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What are internal genitalia in females?
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Fallopian tubes, uterus, upper 1/3 of the vagina.
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What is the external genitalia in females?
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clitoris, labia minora, labia majora, lower 2/3 of the vagina.
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Which hormone stimulates growth and differentiation of the wolffian ducts?
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Testosterone.
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Which cells secrete antimullerian hormone in male testes?
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Sertoli cells.
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Which hormone do ovaries secrete?
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Estrogen.
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Which hormones are required for development of female external genitalia?
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None.
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What are two main functions of testes?
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Spermatogenesis and secretion of testosterone.
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What are 80% of adult testes composed of?
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Seminiferous tubules, which produce sperm.
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Which three cell types are there in epithelium lining the seminiferous tubules of male testes?
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Spermatogonia, which are teh stem cells,
Spermatocytes - cells in the process of becoming sperm cells, Sertoli cells, supporting the developing sperm. |
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What are the functions of Sertoli cells in testes?
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Provide nutrients to the differentiating sperm (which are isolated from the bloodstream).
Create blood-testers barrier betw. the testes and bloodstream. Secrete aqueous fluid into the lumen of the tubules, which helos transporting sperm from testes to the epididymis. |
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How many percent of the testes are Leydig cells?
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20%
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What is the function of Leydig cells in male testes?
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Secretion of testosterone.
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What are two main functions of testes?
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Gametogenic and Endocrine.
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Where in the testes is the gametogenic function being carried?
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In Seminiferous tubules.
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Where in the testes is the endocrine function being carried?
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In endocrine cells within connective tissue.
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Label.
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Label.
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Label.
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Put these in order of production by testes: spermatid, spermatogonia, spermatazoan, sparmatocyte.
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Spermatogonia, sparmatocyte, spermatid, spermatazoan.
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Where does spermatogenesis occurs in males?
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In testes, seminiforous tubules.
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Which two cell types are involved in spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules in testes?
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Germ cells and Sertoli cells.
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What makes the fluid in the lumen of seminiferous tubules in testes differ from the interstitial fluid?
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Blood-testes barrier.
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Which cells in adult male testes do not divide?
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Sertoli cells.
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Which cells produce tubular fluid in the seminiferous tubules in male testes?
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Sertoli cells.
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What prevents immune response to developing spermatozoa?
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Blood-testes barrier.
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Why are testes kept outside the body?
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Because meiosis happening in the testes is temperature sensitive and cannot occur in high temperatures.
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Name 3 spermatogenis stages.
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Proliferation,
Meiosis, Cyto-differentiation. |
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Name 3 spermatogenesis processes.
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- Condensation of nucleus,
- Acrosome formation, - Flagellogenesis. |
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How many days is the spermatogenic cycle in man?
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64.
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How often do stem cells in testes divide?
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They start to divide every 16 days.
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How in males sperm is produced constantly, without cycles?
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Because cycle starts at different times along the length of the seminiferous tubules.
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What is testosterone converted to in tissues?
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Dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
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What does SHBP stand for?
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Sex hormone binding protein.
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Which hormone is more effective testosterone or DHT?
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DHT. That is the reason testosterone is converted to DHT in tissues.
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Where is testosterone stored?
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It is not stored, immediate release after production in Leydig cells.
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How much testosterone is produced per day in males?
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7-8 mg.
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Which two hormones of anterior petuitary stimulate testosterone release?
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LH and PRL.
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What hormone in hypothalamus stimulates release of LH from anterior petuitary in males (to release testosterone further on)?
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GnRH.
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What would happen in the process of spermatogenesis if the hypothalamus and pituitary gland were removed?
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Because spermatogenesis is controled by hormones of these glands, it would stop completely.
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How much time does it take for spermatozoa to travel through all epididymis on the testes?
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12 days.
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How do spermatozoa are transported through the vas deferens?
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By muscular contractions.
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How many spermatazoa are there in one ml of semen?
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20-50 million.
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How much semen is produced in one ejaculation?
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3 ml.
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Where does seminal fluid come from?
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From accessory sex glands: prostate, seminal vesicles, bulbo-urethral gland.
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Name some constituents of Seminal Fluid of man.
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High concentration of fructose/sorbitol;
glycoproteins – to coat sperm head; constituents to stimulate female reproductive tract (prostaglandin); coagulants – after deposition semen may act like a slow release gel or form a plug to prevent further penetration of sperm; Buffering capacity; Reducing agents e.g. ascorbic acid. |
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What is the effect of testosterone in puberty?
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- Increase in testosterone levels
- enlargement of genital tract - anabolic effects - masculine behaviour (including libido) - secondary sexual characteristics. |
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What is the effect of testosterone in adulthood?
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- Maintenance of sexual activity - maintenance of genital tract - spermatogenesis.
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What is the foetal effect of testosterone?
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- Development of testes
- development of genital tract - testicular descent. |
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What is defined as the time when sperm are first produced?
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Puberty.
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What is Androgen-binding protein (ABP)?
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Androgen-binding protein (ABP) is a glycoprotein (beta-globulin) produced by the Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis that binds specifically to testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and 17-beta-estradiol.
Because ABP binds to T and DHT, these hormones are made less lipophilic and become concentrated within the luminal fluid of the seminiferous tubules. The higher levels of these hormones enable spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules and sperm maturation in the epididymis. |
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What is Luteinizing hormone (LH)?
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Luteinizing hormone (LH, also known as lutropin) is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. In females, an acute rise of LH called the LH surge triggers ovulation [2] and development of the corpus luteum. In males, where LH had also been called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH), it stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone. It acts synergistically with FSH.
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What is Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?
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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a hormone is synthesized and secreted by gonadotrophs of the anterior pituitary gland. FSH regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the body. FSH and Luteinizing hormone (LH) act synergistically in reproduction. In females FSH stimulates the growth and recruitment of immature Ovarian follicles in the ovary. In males FSH stimulates maturation of seminiferous tubules and spermatogenesis.
FSH enhances the production of androgen-binding protein by the Sertoli cells of the testes by binding to FSH receptors on their basolateral membranes, and is critical for the initiation of spermatogenesis. |
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What hormone enhances the production of androgen-binding protein by the Sertoli cells of the testes by binding to FSH receptors on their basolateral membranes?
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FSH.
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What are the functions of epididymis?
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Storage of spermatozoa until release;
Maturation – on entering sperm are non-motile and non-fertile on leaving they are both motile and fertile; Phagocytosis – spermophagy - in times of sexual abstinance or after vasectomy. |
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Label.
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What are the functions of female ovaries?
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Gametogenic . Endocrine.
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Label.
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Label.
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What is the importance of oesterous cycle?
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- Occurs just before ovulation,
- Behavioural changes optimises the chance of successful fertilization. |
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What is the name of oesterous cycle in humans?
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Menstrual cycle.
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Name 5 stages of oesterous cycle in women.
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Pro-oestrus, oestrus, metoestrus, dioestrus, anoestrus.
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These are stages of oesterous cycle. Where in between does the ovulation occur?
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Pro-oestrus, oestrus -OVULATION - metoestrus, dioestrus, anoestrus.
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Name two main phases if oesterous cycle.
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Follicular and luteal phases.
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Which hormone regulates follicular phase of oesterous cycle in women?
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Oestrogen hormone.
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Which hormone regulates luteal phase of oesterous cycle in women?
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Progesterone.
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Put lables provided in the right position.
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Label.
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Put in the figures on the right to the right positions according to time of appearance in the cycle.
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What do FSH, LH and PL stand for?
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FSH – Follicle stimulating hormone
LH – luteinising hormone PL – Prolactin. |
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Where are LH and FSH secreted from in females?
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Are secreted from gonadotrophs in anterior petuitary.
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What secretes prolactin?
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Lactotrophs in anterior petuitary.
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What is Prolactin release controlled by?
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By prolactin inhibitory factor (PIF - dopamine) from hypothalamus.
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Which hypothalamic hormone controls release of LH and FSH?
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Gonadotrophin releasing factor (GnRH).
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Instead of yellow curcles put on the names of hormones involved in regulation of ovarian cycle.
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Which hormone promotes development and differentiation of follicle in females?
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FSH.
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In what do theca and granulosa cells of a female differ?
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Theca and Granulosa cells differ in:
1. hormone receptors 2. Steroidogenic enzyme activities 3. microenvironment e.g. blood supply. |
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Explain the picture.
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Label.
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Label.
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What is oocyte?
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An oocyte is a female gametocyte or germ cell involved in reproduction. In other words, it is an immature ovum, or egg cell. An oocyte is produced in the ovary during female gametogenesis. The female germ cells produce a primordial germ cell (PGC) which undergoes a mitotic division to form an oogonium. During oogenesis the oogonium becomes a primary oocyte (pronounced oh'a-site).
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What is ovulation?
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Ovulation is the process in a female's menstrual cycle by which a mature ovarian follicle ruptures and discharges an ovum (also known as an oocyte, female gamete, or casually, an egg).
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Which hormone do female follicles secrete?
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Oestrogen hormone.
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In women which hormone secreted by growing follicle is stimulates secretion of lutenising hormone from the anterior pituitary gland?
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Oestrogen hormone.
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In females, at the time of menstruation, which hormone initiates follicular growth, specifically affecting granulosa cells?
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FSH.
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Ovulation is triggered by surge of which hormone?
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LH.
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After ovulation is that the first or second oocyte that enters the fallopian tube?
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Second.
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How does the secondary oocyte move in fallopian tubes after ovulation?
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Movement is aided by cilia on fimbria.
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