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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
At ovulation, after the secondary ooctye is released, what does the empty follicle become? |
Corpus luteum |
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When does the corpus luteum degenerate? |
End of a nonfertile cycle |
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What is the name of the process in which the ova is released from the ovary? |
Ovulation |
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What is the name of the ligmaments that suspend the ovaries from the pelvic girdle? |
Fimbriae |
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What is another word for uterine tubes? |
Fallopian tubes |
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What are the three layers of the uterus and what are they made of? |
Perimerium (connective tissue) Myometrium (smooth muscle) Endometrium (Inner epithelial layer) |
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What does the endometrium layer of the uterus consist of? |
-Stratified, Squamous, nonkeratinized epithelium -Consists of stratum basale and stratum funtionale |
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Why does the stratum functionale layer of the endometrium layer of the uterus grow thicker? |
-Stimulation of estrogen and progesterone |
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What is the name of the layer that is shed at menstruation? |
stratum functionale layer of the endometrium layer |
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What is referred to as the neck of the female reproductive system that opens to the tubular vagina? |
Cervix |
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What constitutes the accessory sex organs of the female? |
Vagina Uterus Fallopian tubes |
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What type of hormones is the female reproductive tract affected by? |
Gonadal steroid horomone |
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What is the name of the longitudinal folds that cover the vaginal opening? |
Labia minora Labia majora |
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What is the name of structure that is composed of mainly erectile tissues and where is it located? |
Clitoris Anterior margin of the labia minora |
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What part of the external female genitalia are homologous to the scrotum and penis of a male? |
Labia majora and clitoris |
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What is the name of the procedure performed because of uterine fibroids? |
Hysterectomy |
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What are nonmaligant growths that include abundant extrancellular matrix? |
Uterine fibroid (leiomyomas) |
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What are some symptoms of uterine fibroids? |
Profuse menstrual bleeding and pelvic discomfort |
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What is the size range of the fibroids produced in leiomyomas? |
10mm-20cm |
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What are the name of the horomones that are stimuated to cause fibroids to grow and where do they normally grow at? |
-estradiol and progesterone -occur in the wall of uterus |
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What is another word that refers to prenatal life? |
Gestation |
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At about 5 onths of gestation the ovaries contain about how many oogania? |
6-7 million |
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What is the nmae of the process in which the most of the oogania during gestation die prenatally? |
Apoptosis |
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The oogania that remains after apoptosis goes through meiosis and are then referred to as what? |
Primary oocytes |
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At what phase is oogenesis arrested during the first meiotic division? |
Prophase I |
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During Prophase 1 of the first meiotic division, are the primary oocytes diploid of haploid? |
Diploid |
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The ovaries of a newborn baby girl contain about how many oocytes? |
2 million |
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Each oocyte of a newborn baby girl are located in a hallow ball of cells called what? |
Ovarian follicle |
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By the time a girl reaches puberty, about how mnay oocytes does she have? |
400,000 |
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About how many of a womens oocytes will actually ovulate during her reproductive years? |
400 |
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When does oogenesis cease entirely? |
Menopause |
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Primary oocytes that have not yet been stimulated to complete the first meiotic division are contained where? |
Primary follicles |
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Immature primary follicles contain how many layers of follicle cells? |
Single layer (one) |
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When FSH is stimulated, follicular cell divided to produce numerous layers of what to surround the ooctye and fill the follicle? |
Granulosa cells |
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If growth of a primary follicle continues after the development of the granulosa cell layers, vessicles are formed and the follicle is then referred to as? |
Secondary follicle |
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As a result of continuous growth of a secondary follicle, a single fluid-filled cavity is formed called an _________,then the follicle is then referred to as a ___________ follicle. |
antrum; mature |
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What is another word for a mature follicle? |
Graafian follicle |
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What is the difference between the 2 cells that are formed from a primary oocyte after the first meiotic division? |
-Secondary oocyte gets all the cytoplama -the second cell becomes a polar body |
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The secondary oocyte begins second meitoic division, but meiosis is arrested at what phase? |
Metaphase II |
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When can the second meiotic divsion be complete? |
When an oocyte is fertalized |
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What is the thin gel-like layer of proteins and polysaccharides called that is between the oocyte and the corona radiata? |
Zona pellucida |
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Why is the zona pellucida important? |
Presents a barrier to the ability of the sperm to fertalize an ovulated oocyte |
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By when has only one follicle continued its growth to become a fully matured graafian follicle? |
10th-14th day after the first day of menstruation |
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What is the term that refers to "without an opening"? |
Artetic |
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What is a type of apoptosis that results from a complex interlay of hormones and paracrine regulators? |
Follicle artesis (degeneration) |
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Which hormones protect follicles from artesia? |
Gonadotropins (FSH and LH) |
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Which hormones promote artesia of the follicles? |
Paracrine regulators (androgens and FAS ligand) |
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Which two hormones does the corpus luteum secrete? |
Sex steroid hormones (estradiol and progresteone? |
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When does the corpus luteum becoming a nonfunctional corpus albicans? |
End of a nonfertile cycle |
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What term refers to the hormonal interactions between the anterior pituitary and the ovaries? |
Pituitary-ovarian axis |
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What are the two hormones that the anterior pituitary secretes? |
FSH and LH (gonadotropic hormones) |
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The secretion of both FSH and LH is controlled by what horomone? |
GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) |
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FSH secretion is slightly greater than the LH secretion during when? |
Early phase of the menstrual cycle |
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When does LH secretion greatly exceed FSH secretion? |
Just prior to ovulation |
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What is a term used to refer to sexual intercourse? |
Coitus |
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What is the name of the cycle in which nonprimae female mammals experience "heat" or "estrus" shortly before or afer their cycle? |
Estrous cycles |
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What causes the bleeding in the estrous cycle? |
Fall in estrogen and progesterone secretion |
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On average, about how long does the menstruation cycle typically last? |
28 days |
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When does the follicular phase occur? |
From the first day of menstruation until the day of ovulation |
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When does the luteal phase occur? |
After ovulation until the first day of menstruation |
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What are the three phases that refer to the cylic changes in the endometrium? |
Menstrual Phase Proliferative Phase Secretory Phase |
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On an average cycle, how long does mentruation last? |
About 4-5 days |
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When are the secretions of ovarian steriod hormones at their lowest? |
Menstruation |
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During menstruation, the ovaries only contain what two things? |
Primordial and Primary follicles |
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When does estradiol reach its highest concentration in the blood? |
2 days before ovulation (about day 12 of the cycle) |
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What is another term that refers to estradiol? |
Estrogen |
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__________ secretion in the _______ _________ phase culminates in a ________ Surge. |
LH Late follicular LH surge |
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When does a LH surge begin and when does it hit its peak? |
Begin=24 hours before ovulation Peak= 16 hours before ovulation |
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Surge in LH secretion causes the wall of the graafian follicule to rupture on what day? |
Day 14 |
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When does the luteal phase occur? |
Aproximately one week after ovulation |
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Decline in the corpus luteum function is caused by what hormone? |
Luteolysin |
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Luteolysin is secreted by what body area? |
Uterus |
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What is the term that refers to the breakdown of the corpus luteum? |
Luteolysis |
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Luteolysis can be prevented by _______ levels of ______(horomone), the the _______ (hormone) levels remain ______ during the luteal phase as a result of ________ feedback. |
High LH LH Low Negative |
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What causes menstruation? |
Withdrawal of the ovarian steroids |
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When does the proliferative phase occur? |
While the ovary is in its follicular phase |
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What are the coiled blood vessels called that develop in the endometrium during the proliferative phase? |
Spiral arteries |
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When does the secretory phase occur? |
When the ovary is in it luteal phase |
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In which phase is the endometrium well prepared to accept and nourish an embryo should fertilization occur? |
Secretory phase |
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What is another word for cellular death? |
Necrosis |
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When does the mentrual phase occur? |
Results from the fall in ovarian hormone secretion during the late luteal phase |
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What occurs when the upper cells of the vagina die off and become filled with keratin? |
Cornification (high levels of estradiol secretion) |
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What is the term that refers to the absence of menstruation? |
Amenorrhea |
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What is the term used to refer to painful menstruation? |
Dysmenorrhea |
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What is the term used to refer to excessively profuse or prolonged menstruation? |
Menorrhagia |
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What is the term use to refer to uterine bleeding that is not associated with menstruation? |
Metrorrhagia |
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What are considered to be the master regulators of the reproductive system? |
GnRH-releasing neurons |
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What is the name of the effect that refers to the GnRH neurons from the olfactory system causes the menstrual cycle of roomates to synchronize? |
Dormitory effect |
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What is the term that refers to the cessation of menstruation caused by inadequate stimulation of the ovaries by FSH and LH? |
Functional amenorrhea |
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In what type of women is Functional amenorrhea mostly seen? |
Thin and athletic or women under prolonged stress |
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What do oral contrecptive usually contain> |
Synthetic estrogen combined with a synthetic progesteron? |
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How often are oral contracetives taken? |
once each day for three weeks |
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Why do women stop taking the oral conrceptives after three weeks? |
Prevent abnormal growth of the endometrium |
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All drugs that are taken orally pass through what route before they get to any other organ? |
Pass from the hepatic protal vein to the liver |
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What is the term that refers to when a women measures her oral basal body temperature upon waking up to determine when ovulation has occured? |
Rhythm Method |
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When does the basal body temperature sharply rise? |
One day after the LH peak |
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What causes the basal body temperature to sharply rise? |
Progesterone secretion |
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At what age does menopause usually occur? |
Around the age of 50 |
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Postmenopausal years make up about how much of woman's life span? |
about 1/3 |
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What is the name of the only estrogen found in the blood of postmenopausal women? |
estrone (weak estrogen) |
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In menopause, what causes the fall in estradiol? |
Changes in the ovaries (not the pituitary) |
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The Corpus luteum is maintained for the first 10 weeks of pregnancy by: a. hCG b. LH c. Estrogen d. Progesterone |
a. hCG |
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Fertilization normally occurs in the: a. ovaries b. uterine tubes c. uterus d. vagina |
b. uterine tubes |
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Menstrual phase... a. high estrogen and progesterone; low FSH and LH b. Low estrogen and progesterone c. LH surge d. Increasing estrogen; low LH and low progesterone |
b. Low estrogen and progesterone |
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Follicular phase... a. high estrogen and progesterone; low FSH and LH b. Low estrogen and progesterone c. LH surge d. Increasing estrogen; low LH and low progesterone |
d. Increasing estrogen; low LH and low progesterone |
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Luteal phase... a. high estrogen and progesterone; low FSH and LH b. Low estrogen and progesterone c. LH surge d. Increasing estrogen; low LH and low progesterone |
a. high estrogen and progesterone; low FSH and LH |
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Ovulation.... a. high estrogen and progesterone; low FSH and LH b. Low estrogen and progesterone c. LH surge d. Increasing estrogen; low LH and low progesterone |
c. LH surge |