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107 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

At ovulation, after the secondary ooctye is released, what does the empty follicle become?

Corpus luteum

When does the corpus luteum degenerate?

End of a nonfertile cycle

What is the name of the process in which the ova is released from the ovary?

Ovulation

What is the name of the ligmaments that suspend the ovaries from the pelvic girdle?

Fimbriae

What is another word for uterine tubes?

Fallopian tubes

What are the three layers of the uterus and what are they made of?

Perimerium (connective tissue)


Myometrium (smooth muscle)


Endometrium (Inner epithelial layer)

What does the endometrium layer of the uterus consist of?

-Stratified, Squamous, nonkeratinized epithelium


-Consists of stratum basale and stratum funtionale

Why does the stratum functionale layer of the endometrium layer of the uterus grow thicker?

-Stimulation of estrogen and progesterone

What is the name of the layer that is shed at menstruation?

stratum functionale layer of the endometrium layer

What is referred to as the neck of the female reproductive system that opens to the tubular vagina?

Cervix

What constitutes the accessory sex organs of the female?

Vagina


Uterus


Fallopian tubes

What type of hormones is the female reproductive tract affected by?

Gonadal steroid horomone

What is the name of the longitudinal folds that cover the vaginal opening?

Labia minora


Labia majora

What is the name of structure that is composed of mainly erectile tissues and where is it located?

Clitoris


Anterior margin of the labia minora

What part of the external female genitalia are homologous to the scrotum and penis of a male?

Labia majora and clitoris

What is the name of the procedure performed because of uterine fibroids?

Hysterectomy

What are nonmaligant growths that include abundant extrancellular matrix?

Uterine fibroid (leiomyomas)

What are some symptoms of uterine fibroids?

Profuse menstrual bleeding and pelvic discomfort

What is the size range of the fibroids produced in leiomyomas?

10mm-20cm

What are the name of the horomones that are stimuated to cause fibroids to grow and where do they normally grow at?

-estradiol and progesterone


-occur in the wall of uterus

What is another word that refers to prenatal life?

Gestation

At about 5 onths of gestation the ovaries contain about how many oogania?

6-7 million

What is the nmae of the process in which the most of the oogania during gestation die prenatally?

Apoptosis

The oogania that remains after apoptosis goes through meiosis and are then referred to as what?

Primary oocytes

At what phase is oogenesis arrested during the first meiotic division?

Prophase I

During Prophase 1 of the first meiotic division, are the primary oocytes diploid of haploid?

Diploid

The ovaries of a newborn baby girl contain about how many oocytes?

2 million

Each oocyte of a newborn baby girl are located in a hallow ball of cells called what?

Ovarian follicle

By the time a girl reaches puberty, about how mnay oocytes does she have?

400,000

About how many of a womens oocytes will actually ovulate during her reproductive years?

400

When does oogenesis cease entirely?

Menopause

Primary oocytes that have not yet been stimulated to complete the first meiotic division are contained where?

Primary follicles

Immature primary follicles contain how many layers of follicle cells?

Single layer (one)

When FSH is stimulated, follicular cell divided to produce numerous layers of what to surround the ooctye and fill the follicle?

Granulosa cells

If growth of a primary follicle continues after the development of the granulosa cell layers, vessicles are formed and the follicle is then referred to as?

Secondary follicle

As a result of continuous growth of a secondary follicle, a single fluid-filled cavity is formed called an _________,then the follicle is then referred to as a ___________ follicle.

antrum; mature

What is another word for a mature follicle?

Graafian follicle

What is the difference between the 2 cells that are formed from a primary oocyte after the first meiotic division?

-Secondary oocyte gets all the cytoplama


-the second cell becomes a polar body

The secondary oocyte begins second meitoic division, but meiosis is arrested at what phase?

Metaphase II

When can the second meiotic divsion be complete?

When an oocyte is fertalized

What is the thin gel-like layer of proteins and polysaccharides called that is between the oocyte and the corona radiata?

Zona pellucida

Why is the zona pellucida important?

Presents a barrier to the ability of the sperm to fertalize an ovulated oocyte

By when has only one follicle continued its growth to become a fully matured graafian follicle?

10th-14th day after the first day of menstruation

What is the term that refers to "without an opening"?

Artetic

What is a type of apoptosis that results from a complex interlay of hormones and paracrine regulators?

Follicle artesis (degeneration)

Which hormones protect follicles from artesia?

Gonadotropins (FSH and LH)

Which hormones promote artesia of the follicles?

Paracrine regulators (androgens and FAS ligand)

Which two hormones does the corpus luteum secrete?

Sex steroid hormones (estradiol and progresteone?

When does the corpus luteum becoming a nonfunctional corpus albicans?

End of a nonfertile cycle

What term refers to the hormonal interactions between the anterior pituitary and the ovaries?

Pituitary-ovarian axis

What are the two hormones that the anterior pituitary secretes?

FSH and LH (gonadotropic hormones)

The secretion of both FSH and LH is controlled by what horomone?

GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

FSH secretion is slightly greater than the LH secretion during when?

Early phase of the menstrual cycle

When does LH secretion greatly exceed FSH secretion?

Just prior to ovulation

What is a term used to refer to sexual intercourse?

Coitus

What is the name of the cycle in which nonprimae female mammals experience "heat" or "estrus" shortly before or afer their cycle?

Estrous cycles

What causes the bleeding in the estrous cycle?

Fall in estrogen and progesterone secretion

On average, about how long does the menstruation cycle typically last?

28 days

When does the follicular phase occur?

From the first day of menstruation until the day of ovulation

When does the luteal phase occur?

After ovulation until the first day of menstruation

What are the three phases that refer to the cylic changes in the endometrium?

Menstrual Phase


Proliferative Phase


Secretory Phase

On an average cycle, how long does mentruation last?

About 4-5 days

When are the secretions of ovarian steriod hormones at their lowest?

Menstruation

During menstruation, the ovaries only contain what two things?

Primordial and Primary follicles

When does estradiol reach its highest concentration in the blood?

2 days before ovulation (about day 12 of the cycle)

What is another term that refers to estradiol?

Estrogen

__________ secretion in the _______ _________ phase culminates in a ________ Surge.

LH


Late follicular


LH surge

When does a LH surge begin and when does it hit its peak?

Begin=24 hours before ovulation


Peak= 16 hours before ovulation

Surge in LH secretion causes the wall of the graafian follicule to rupture on what day?

Day 14

When does the luteal phase occur?

Aproximately one week after ovulation

Decline in the corpus luteum function is caused by what hormone?

Luteolysin

Luteolysin is secreted by what body area?

Uterus

What is the term that refers to the breakdown of the corpus luteum?

Luteolysis

Luteolysis can be prevented by _______ levels of ______(horomone), the the _______ (hormone) levels remain ______ during the luteal phase as a result of ________ feedback.

High


LH


LH


Low


Negative

What causes menstruation?

Withdrawal of the ovarian steroids

When does the proliferative phase occur?

While the ovary is in its follicular phase

What are the coiled blood vessels called that develop in the endometrium during the proliferative phase?

Spiral arteries

When does the secretory phase occur?

When the ovary is in it luteal phase

In which phase is the endometrium well prepared to accept and nourish an embryo should fertilization occur?

Secretory phase

What is another word for cellular death?

Necrosis

When does the mentrual phase occur?

Results from the fall in ovarian hormone secretion during the late luteal phase

What occurs when the upper cells of the vagina die off and become filled with keratin?

Cornification (high levels of estradiol secretion)

What is the term that refers to the absence of menstruation?

Amenorrhea

What is the term used to refer to painful menstruation?

Dysmenorrhea

What is the term used to refer to excessively profuse or prolonged menstruation?

Menorrhagia

What is the term use to refer to uterine bleeding that is not associated with menstruation?

Metrorrhagia

What are considered to be the master regulators of the reproductive system?

GnRH-releasing neurons

What is the name of the effect that refers to the GnRH neurons from the olfactory system causes the menstrual cycle of roomates to synchronize?

Dormitory effect

What is the term that refers to the cessation of menstruation caused by inadequate stimulation of the ovaries by FSH and LH?

Functional amenorrhea

In what type of women is Functional amenorrhea mostly seen?

Thin and athletic or women under prolonged stress

What do oral contrecptive usually contain>

Synthetic estrogen combined with a synthetic progesteron?

How often are oral contracetives taken?

once each day for three weeks

Why do women stop taking the oral conrceptives after three weeks?

Prevent abnormal growth of the endometrium

All drugs that are taken orally pass through what route before they get to any other organ?

Pass from the hepatic protal vein to the liver

What is the term that refers to when a women measures her oral basal body temperature upon waking up to determine when ovulation has occured?

Rhythm Method

When does the basal body temperature sharply rise?

One day after the LH peak

What causes the basal body temperature to sharply rise?

Progesterone secretion

At what age does menopause usually occur?

Around the age of 50

Postmenopausal years make up about how much of woman's life span?

about 1/3

What is the name of the only estrogen found in the blood of postmenopausal women?

estrone (weak estrogen)

In menopause, what causes the fall in estradiol?

Changes in the ovaries (not the pituitary)

The Corpus luteum is maintained for the first 10 weeks of pregnancy by:


a. hCG


b. LH


c. Estrogen


d. Progesterone

a. hCG

Fertilization normally occurs in the:


a. ovaries


b. uterine tubes


c. uterus


d. vagina

b. uterine tubes

Menstrual phase...


a. high estrogen and progesterone; low FSH and LH


b. Low estrogen and progesterone


c. LH surge


d. Increasing estrogen; low LH and low progesterone

b. Low estrogen and progesterone

Follicular phase...


a. high estrogen and progesterone; low FSH and LH


b. Low estrogen and progesterone


c. LH surge


d. Increasing estrogen; low LH and low progesterone

d. Increasing estrogen; low LH and low progesterone

Luteal phase...


a. high estrogen and progesterone; low FSH and LH


b. Low estrogen and progesterone


c. LH surge


d. Increasing estrogen; low LH and low progesterone

a. high estrogen and progesterone; low FSH and LH

Ovulation....


a. high estrogen and progesterone; low FSH and LH


b. Low estrogen and progesterone


c. LH surge


d. Increasing estrogen; low LH and low progesterone

c. LH surge