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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which cells secrete testosterone? |
Leydig cells of the testes |
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Which horomone stimulates the Leydig Cells? |
LH |
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Which horomone stimulates the Sertoli cells? |
FSH |
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What are the two compartments of the testes called? |
-Seminiferous tubules -Interstitial tissue |
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What occurs in the seminiferous tubules? |
Spermatogenesis |
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Where are the Lydig cells located? |
Interstitial tissue |
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What accounts for about 90% of the weight of the testes? |
Seminiferous tubules |
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Spermatogenesis is stimulated by what horomone? |
FSH |
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_______hormone stimulates testosterone secreation by the _______cells, and testerone inhibits ________ secretion of _________ hormone |
LH...Leydig.....Pituitary......LH |
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What is the horomone that is produced by the Sertoli cells called? |
Inhibin |
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Which horomone has been shown to inhibit FSH secretion in men? |
Inhibin |
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Estradiol is formed from testosterone by the action of what enzyme? |
Aromatase |
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What is the name of the reaction when estradiol is formed from testosterone? |
Aromatization |
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Aromatization also refers t the presence of what? |
Carbon ring |
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What are the active derivatives of testosterone? |
-DHT -5alpha-reduced androgens -estradiol |
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What is the hypogonadal state? |
defined as plasma testosterone concentrations below 320 ng/dl |
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By what age do men usually reach their hypogonadal state? |
By the age of 70 |
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What are some additional factor (other than age) that lower plasma testosterone levels? |
-Physical inactivity -Obesity -Drugs |
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Low testosterone levels are associate with what body change? |
-Reduction in lean muscle -Reduction in bone mass |
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What is the major androgen secreted by the adult testis? |
Testosterone |
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What is another word for androgens? |
Anabolic steroids |
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Why are androgens sometimes referred to as anabolic steroids? |
They stimulate anabolism which leads to growth of muscles and other structures |
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Androgens stimulate the growth of what that results in a lowering of the voice? |
Larynx |
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What is the name of the enzyme that converts androgens to estrogens? |
aromatase |
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IF men have a deficiency in aromatase, what does this mean? |
They are infertile |
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The conversion of testosteron into estradiol occurs in what part of the body? |
brain |
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Which two hormones can stimulate Serotoli cell function? |
ACTH and MSH |
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Which horomone inhibits Sertoli function? |
Beta-endorphin |
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What are the germ cells that migrate from the yolk to the testes during early embryotic development? |
Spermatogonia (aka stermatogenic stem cells) |
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Where are the spermatognia located in the seminiferous tubules and why? |
Outermost region to be close to the blood vessel in the intersitial tissue |
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Are spermoatogonia haploid cells or diploid cells? |
Diploid cells |
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In what process do the spermatogonia give rise to mature haploid gametes by a process of reductive cell division? |
Meiosis |
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Meisosis of one diploid spermatogonium cell produces how many haploid cells? |
4 haploid cells |
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One primary spermatocyte produces how many spermatid? |
4 spermatids |
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Spermatagonia and primary spermatocytes are located on the _______ side of the tubule, where as spermatids and mature espermatoza are located on the ________side of the tubule |
Outer.....Inner |
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What is the name for the mature form of a spermatid? |
Spermatoza |
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What is the process called when the interconnected spermatids become spermatoza? |
Spermiogenesis |
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What is the name of the protein that replaces histone proteins during spermiogenesis? |
protamines |
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What is a acrosome? |
Cap of digestive enzymes located on the head of the sperm |
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What is the purpose of the blood-testis barrier? |
prevent autoimmune destruction of the sperm |
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Which cells help make the seminiferous tubules an immunologically pivileged site? |
Sertoli cells |
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What is produced by the Sertoli cells that helps prevent immune attack of the developing sperm? |
FAS Ligand |
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Production of ABP is stimulated by which hormone? |
FSH |
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T or F: All effects of FSH in the testes must be mediated by the Sertoli cells |
True |
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What is the name of the protein secreated by the Sertoli cells? |
androgen-binding protein (ABP) |
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What are the components of a spermatozoon? |
-Head -Acrosome -Flagellum |
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What is another name used for the "9+2" microtubule strucure of the flagellum? |
Axoneme |
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Describe each piece of the flagellum of sperm adn what it contains. |
Mid piece: fibrous sheath and mitochondria around the axoneme Principal piece: only fibrous sheath around axoneme End piece:only the axoneme |
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T or F: FSH is required for spermatogenesis. Explain |
False; it only enhances the effect |
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A newborn male has about how much percent of the adult male Sertoli cells? |
10% |
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When does a male receive the adult amount of Sertoli cells? |
Beginning into puberty |
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T or F: If a boy/man does not have FSH, spermatogenesis can still occur. Explain |
True; will occur later in puberty |
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What is a tighly coild structure, about 5 meters (16 feet) long, that receives tubular products? |
Epididymis |
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What is the name of the tubes where spermatoza drain out? |
Ductus or vas deferns |
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T or F: Spermatoza that enter the head of the epididymis are motile. |
False; they are non-motile |
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What is the passage way of sperm (begining with the epididymis)? |
Epididymis-->scrotum->pelvic body-->seminal vesicles-->prostate-->prostatic urethra |
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What is the name of the fluid formed in the prostate? |
Semen |
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The corpa cavernosa is located on what side of the penis? |
Dorsal side |
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The Corpus spongiosum is located on what side of the penis? |
Ventral side |
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What is the neurotransmitter that mediates the increased blood flow during an erection? |
Nitric oxide |
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Nitric oxide activates what enzyme and where? |
Activate the guanylate cyclase in the vascular smooth muscle cells |
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What is the term used to describe the movement of semen into the urethra? |
Emission |
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What is the term used to describe the forcible exulsion of semen from the urethra out of the penis? |
Ejaculation |
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Which nerves stimulate emission and ejaculation? |
Sympathetic nerves |
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What two portions of the central nervous system control an erection? |
-Hypothalmus in the brain -Sacral portion of the spinal cord |
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What is the aproximate volume of semen during ejaculation? |
1.5-5 mL |
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There are usualy about how many sprem in ejaculate? |
- 60-150 milion sperm per mL |
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What is one of the mosy widely used mathods of male contreception? |
Vasectomy |
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A sperm concetration below 20 million/mL is referred to as what? |
Oligospermia |
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What is the pH of semen? |
7.2-7.8 |
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What is the Leukocyte count in semen? |
0-2000/mL |
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1 hour after ejaculation, how much percentage of the semen is motile? after 3 hours? |
1 hr= 70% or more 3 hr= 60% or more |
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In the male, FSH receptors are located where? |
In the Sertoli Cells |
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The secretion of FSH in a male is inhibited by negative feedbacks of what? |
Inhibin secreated from the tubules |
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T or F: Sperm are not motile until they pass through the epididymis. |
True |
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T or F: A secondary oocyte does not complete meiotic division until it has been fertalized |
True |
