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216 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What works against most pathogens and requires no previous exposure?
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nonspecific defense
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What break down bacterial membranes and are present in tears, saliva, and mucous secretions?
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lysozymes
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What degrade some pathogens in the body?
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stomach acids
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What is the normal stomach pH?
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2-3
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What type of barrier is impenetrable to most pathogens?
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thick skin
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What remove debris from tissue?
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phagocytes
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What destory abnormal cells and are like the Grim Reaper?
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Immunological surveillance
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What is another name for immunological surveillance?
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Natural killer cells
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What has multiple effects on pathogens: mostly walling off and the promotion of phagocytosis?
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inflammation
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What mobilizes defenses and inhibits pathogens?
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fever
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What increase the resistance of cells to infection?
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interferons
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What recognize several molecular forms that are present on bacteria and ititiate inflammation?
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TLR's (toll-like receptors)
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Where are TLR's present?
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WBCs macrophages
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What is a special group of proteins in blood that kill pathogens?
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complement complex
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What require previous exposure to a pathogen?
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specific defense
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What are the two types of specific defense?
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humoral and cell mediated
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What are also known as antibodies?
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immunoglobulins
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What type of cells are humoral?
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B-cells
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What type of defense is like a bullet?
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humoral/B-Cells
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What type of cells are cell mediated?
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T-Cells
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Where can Igs go when considered by a pathogen?
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blood, interstitial space, and gut
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What do cell mediated cells release that go to the site and kill the cell?
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porphorins
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What type of specific defense is the slower?
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cell mediated
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What type of pathogen is located in blood, extra cellular fluid, and cells?
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virus
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What do T-cell mechanisms attack?
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cells that have been invaded by virus, abnormal cells, and cancerous cells
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What type of pathogen is located mostly in blood and extracellular fluid?
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bacteria
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What type of pathogen is located in blood, extracellular fluid, within cells, and within the gut?
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parasites
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What parasite causes sleeping sickness?
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trypanosomes
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What type of parasite causes malaria?
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plasmodium
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What are the major defenses against parasites?
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macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils
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Where can Igs go when considered by a pathogen?
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blood, interstitial space, and gut
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What do cell mediated cells release that go to the site and kill the cell?
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porphorins
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What type of specific defense is the slower?
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cell mediated
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What type of pathogen is located in blood, extra cellular fluid, and cells?
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virus
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What do T-cell mechanisms attack?
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cells that have been invaded by virus, abnormal cells, and cancerous cells
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What type of pathogen is located mostly in blood and extracellular fluid?
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bacteria
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What type of pathogen is located in blood, extracellular fluid, within cells, and within the gut?
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parasites
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What parasite causes sleeping sickness?
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trypanosomes
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What type of parasite causes malaria?
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plasmodium
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What are the major defenses against parasites?
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macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils
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What can pass into the gut lumen to attack intestinal parasites?
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antibodies and toxic cytokines
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What is another name for white blood cells?
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leukocytes
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What type of leukocyte causes local inflammation?
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basophils
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What do basophils release the promote swelling?
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histamines
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What are similar cells to basophils that do not move and are located in tissue?
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mast cells
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What types of leukocytes are phagocytic - "small eaters"?
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neutrophils and eosinophils
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What type of leukocyte is a B cell that become plasma cells which produce antibodies?
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lymphocytes
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What type of leukocyte is a T cell that can occur in several forms?
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lymphocytes
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What jobs can lymphocytes perform?
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attack cells, excite other immunity cells or supprerss an immune action
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What is another name for helper cells?
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T4 cells
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What type of leukocyte becomes a macrophage?
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monocyte
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What is the name of the leukocyte that is known as "big Mo"?`
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monocyte
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What type of macrophage is in blood?
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circulating macrophage
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What type of macrophage can crawl from one alveolus to another?
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alveolar macrophages
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What type of macrophage can move from tissues into lymph in order to contact lymphocytes?
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dendritic cells
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What type of macrophage move very little in the liver which stay put in sinusoids?
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Kupffer cells
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What move very little, but are able to shift position toward neurons and osteoclasts?
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microglia
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Where are microglia located?
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brain
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What are "bone breakers"?
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osteoclasts
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What kicks osteoclasts into gear?
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parathormone
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What is the name for all phagocytic cells; monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and microglia?
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antigen presenting cells
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What cells phagocytize a pathogen and present the pathogenic antigens on their own surfaces to helper cells?
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antigen presenting cells
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Antigen presenting cells are presented on what?
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major histocompatability complex
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What are specific large globular proteins that extend form the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell?
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MHCs
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Type I MHCs have what that is located on the cell membrane of all nucleated cells?
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glycoprotein
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All nucleated cells have what type of MHC?
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type I
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What do MHC type I send their message to?
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CD 8 cells
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What type of MHC is present only on phagocytes and appear on their cells surface only when it is processing antigens from a pathogen?
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MHC type II
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What do MHC type II present their message to?
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CD-4 cells
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CD-4 cells teach what kinds of cells?
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B-cells and T-cells
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What is a local resonse to tissue injury and functions to "wall off" an area to help prevent the spreading of a pathogen?
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inflammation
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The ultimate goal of inflammation is to eliminate pathogen by what?
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phagocytosis
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Increases permeability of what causes local swelling?
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capillaries
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Proteins leak out of capillaries and increase what?
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IOP
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What are the primary phagocytes?
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neutrophils and macrophages
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What are major phagocytes that are either fixed in position of are able to move from place to place?
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macrophages
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What types of macrophages can move?
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circulating, alveolar, microglia, and tissue macrophages
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Within the phagocyte, what digest the pathogen in less than 10 minutes?
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lysosomes and peroxisomes
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What accumulates causing silicosis?
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glass
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What type of disease is able to survive in walled off areas insides the lungs?
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mycobacterium tuberculosis
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What bacteria are able to survive inside macrophages?
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brucella abortus
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What does brucellosis cause?
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malaise, fever, and headache
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What bacteria is most common in meat packers and workers in the dairy industry?
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brucella abortus
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What bacteria was discoverd in Tulare county California and can be obtained from rodent fleas, ticks and deer flies?
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Francicella tularensis
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What is the name for pus which contains microbes, leukocytes, and liquefied debris?
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abscess
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What is like an abscess, but the pathogen survives inside?
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granuloma
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What increases phagocytic activity that stimulates the liver to hold iron and zinc?
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fever
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What substance is released from macrophages and causes fever?
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interleukin 1
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What does Interleukin 1 do?
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resets the body temperature
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What is the tired achy weak feeling that accompany illness?
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malaise
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What is an increase in white blood cells, mostly neutrophils that accompany bacterial pahtogenesis?
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leukocytosis
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What is a general name for a cell product that promotes inflammation?
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cytokines
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What is released by mast cells, basophils and platelets which increases capillary permeability and dilation?
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histamine
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What is the most painful thing we produce?
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bradykinin
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What are polypeptides in blood that cause vasodilation, increased permeability, chemotaxis and pain?
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kinins
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What are produced by many cells, but particularly by damaged cells while leukotrienes are released by basophils and mast cells?
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protaglandins
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What activate macrophages and NK cells?
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interferons
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What do interferons release that prevent further viral attacks by blocking their ribosomes and preventing protein synthesis?
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PKR (protein kinase)
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What complements the activity of both the specific and non-specific mechanisms?
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complement complex
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How many proteins does the complement complex consist of?
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at least 20
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The antigen-antibody complex on a cell brings about a series of events wehre the complement proteins attach to the cell membrane..what is this called?
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membrane attack complex
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What stimulate some of the complement proteins and are activated by certain carbs on bacteria and fungi to stimulate a MAC?
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properdin
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What does an antigen need to be able to do to be an antigen?
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immunogenicity and reactivity
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What does your immune system look at to make an attack?
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antigens
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Why were antigens first named?
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they are antibody generators
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What bind to one of many other molecules in the body and bring about an immune response?
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haptens
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What are some examples of haptens?
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penicillin, animal dander, poison ivy
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What is the ability of a substance to stimulate cells of the immune system to develop an immune response to their presence?
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immunogenicity
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What is the capacity for the same substance to be reactive to the immune response?
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reactivity
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What can antigens be?
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proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids
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Where can antigens occur?
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bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites and transplanted tissues
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What do antigens stimulate?
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B and T-cells
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Where do T-cells mature?
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thymus
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What do lymphocytes become before they are exposed to the antigen they may later attack?
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immunocompetent
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When an antigen enters the body it is picked off by what?
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phagocyte
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What type of cells become memory cells?
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helper, B and T-cells
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How many polypeptide chains make up an antibody?
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four
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What is the top of the Y in an antibody?
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antigen binding
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What is the bottom of the Y in an antibody?
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constant of crystallizable
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What antibody consists of five "Y" monomers?
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IgM
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What antibody is the first one produced during an immune response?
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IgM
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What type of antibody is present in typing serum?
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IgM
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What word is used as an expression of antibody content?
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titer
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What are antibodies also called?
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immunoglobulins
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What antibody is a gammaglobulin?
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IgG
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What is the most common form of antibody and makes up 75%?
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IgG
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What word mean "make tasty"?
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opsonization
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What antibody cross the placenta and are in milk?
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IgG
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What antibody is a pentamer that makes up 5 and 10% of all antibodies?
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IgM
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What are the first antibodies produced during a reaction?
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IgM
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What are individual Y shaped monomers that probably evolved from parasite control?
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IgE
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What antibodies are associated with allergies?
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IgE
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What antibodies are a dimer and are present in mucus of the GI, respiratory and UG systems, saliva?
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IgA
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What antibodies make up 15% of all Igs?
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IgA
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What antibodies are located on the surface of B-cells and initiate the humoral response by activating their B-Cell?
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IgD
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What type of immunity do you obtain by having the disease or having the immunizations?
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active immunity
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When and who administerds the first vaccine?
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Edward Jenner in 1798
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What was the first administerd vaccine?
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child cow pox
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When was the first polio vaccine given and when?
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Jonas Salk in 1954
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When was the first "live" virus administered and by who?
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Albert Sabin in 1956
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What work better..live or "dead" viruses?
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live
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What is the name for the amount of time it takes for half of an Ig population to go away?
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Half-life
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What is the half-life of an IgG?
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20-21 days
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What type of immunity is transferred from one person to another?
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passive immunity
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What is injected to prevent erythroblastosis fetalis?
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RhoGam
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What is slower then Humoral Reaction?
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cell mediated mechanism
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What type of cell goes to the invasion site in a cell mediated mechanism?
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T-cells
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What is an example of a cell mediated mechanism?
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TB test
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All nucleated cells continually display what on their surface?
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MHC type I surface proteins
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What is the name for T-cell version of the memory cell?
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sensitized lymphocytes
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What cells remember the antigen and wait for it to return?
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sensitized lymphocytes
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What are the types of T-Cells?
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CD8 and CD4 cells
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What are some example of CD 8 cells?
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cytotoxic T-cells, Memory T-Cells, Regulator T-Cells
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What is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor?
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AZT
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MM blood antigen group occurs in what % of humans?
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29%
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MN blood antigen group occurs in what % of humans?
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50%
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NN blood antigen group occurs in what % of humans?
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21%
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What were discovered in white blood cells and named before a cleas understanding?
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human leukocyte antigens
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The same group of HLA surface proteins that were discovered in mice are called what?
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major histocompatability antigens
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What is the genetic information on human chromosomal pari #6 that codes for MHA or HLA?
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major histocompatability complex
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What are located on all nucleated cells and talk to CD-8 cells?
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MHC type I
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What has to do with APC's and talks with CD-4 cells?
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MHC type II
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What is the name for the glycoproteins on cells and there are 166 types?
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cluster designation markers
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What is the terms for a potentially fatal severe allergic reaction which kills by suffocation?
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anaphylaxis
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What probably evolved to protect agatins parasites by causing local inflammations in the vicinity of a parasite?
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IgE
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What kills you during anaphylaxis?
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bronchiole constriction
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What dose of epinephrine is given to an adult during anaphylaxis?
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.3cc
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What dose of epinephrine is given to a child during anaphylaxis?
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.1 cc for each 10 kg
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What loosens up your bronchioles during anaphylaxis?
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epinephrine
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Shock organs during anaphylaxis include what?
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lungs, skin, and the GI system
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What is the elimination of metabolic by products from blood as well as substances that may be harmful if they remain in excess within blood?
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excretion
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What are substances that must be removed?
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metabolic wastes
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Nitrogenous waste comes from what?
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amino acid catabolism
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Amino acids are converted into what...and then converted into what?
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imino acids....keto acids
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What removes carbond dioxide during excretion?
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lungs
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What removes heat during excretion?
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skin and lungs
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What removes salts during excretion?
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kidneys and digestive system
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What is released with hypoxia and causes RBC formation?
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erythropoietin
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What is released and causes an indirect increase in blood pressure?
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renin
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What release renin from the kidneys?
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juxtaglomerular cells
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What makes up the urinary system?
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2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 urinary bladder, and 1 urethra
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What word means behind the peritoneal cavity?
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retroperitoneal
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What surrounds the kidney itself and prevents it from swelling?
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renal capsule
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What is the fat pad outside the renal capsule?
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renal adipose
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What part of the kidney contains the glomeruli?
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cortex
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What is the outermost part of the cortex?
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outer cortical zone
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What part of the cortex is next to the medulla?
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inner juxtamedullary zone
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What is the inner region of the internal part of the kidney?
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medulla
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What does the medulla contain that lie against the cortex and apex?
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renal pyramids
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What lie between the renal pyramids in the kidney?
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renal columns
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What pass through the renal columns of the kidney?
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blood vessels
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What is the cavity in the central region of the kidney between the ureter and the calcyes?
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renal pelvis
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What is the renal pelvis filled with?
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urine
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Where are kideny stones located?
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renal pelvis
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What are the "halls" between the pyramids and the renal pelvis thorugh which urine passes?
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calcyes
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What is the microscopic functional unit of the kidney?
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nephron
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What is a ball of capillaries through which blood passes in the kidney?
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glomerulus
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What sorrounds the glomerulus in the kidney?
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Bowman's capsule
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What have appendages that wrap around glomerular capillaries?
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podocytes
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What are connected to the Bowman's capsule in the kidneys?
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proximal convoluted tubules
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What passes into the pyramid from the cortex in the kidney?
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descending limb of Henle
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What is the structure of a proximal convoluted tubule?
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cuboidal cells with microvilli
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What passes out of the pyramid into the cortex in a kidney?
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ascending limb of Henle
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What is located back in the cortex of a kidney?
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distal convoluted tubule
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What cells detect chloride ions in the filtrate and when the chloride content in filtrate drops?
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macula densa cells
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The JG apparatus ensures that blood pressure remains high enough to prevent what?
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nephric ischemia
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What have shallow loops of Henle and just barely dip into the pyramid?
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cortical nephrons
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What have loops that pass deep into the pyramid and are efficient at concentrating filtrate?
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medullary nephrons
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What carry urine from the pelvis to the urniary bladder?
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peristalsis waves
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What is a triangular region in the floor of the urinary bladder between the two ureters and the urethra?
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the Trigone
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What is a muscular organ for urine storage?
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urinary bladder
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What carries urine from the floor of the urinary bladder out?
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urethra
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What is dilute urine that passes from blod through the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsules?
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filtrate
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What is the process by which filtrate is reabsorbed back into blood?
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tubular resorption
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What is the addition of certain substances from tubular cells to the filtrate?
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tubular secretion
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What is a major function of tubular secrettion?
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maintain blood pH level
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