Physiology Of Sport And Exercise

Front 1

Central Nervous System CNS

Back 1

Composed of the brain and spinal cord

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Peripheral Nervous System PNS

Back 2

Composed of the sensory division and the motor division

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Sensory Division

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AKA afferent division. Responsible for informing the central nervous system what is going on within and outside the body.

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Motor Division

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AKA efferent division. Responsible for sending information from teh central nervous system to the body

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Neuron

Back 5

The structural unit of the nervous system made up of the soma, dendrite and axon

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Axon Hillock

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Cone-shaped region of the cell body.

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Dendrites

Back 7

Neruon receivers

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Axon

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Neuron transmitter

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Axon terminals

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The tips of the end branches are dilated into tiny bulbs. AKA synaptic knobs.

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Neurotransmitters

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Chemicals stored in synaptic vesicles (sacs)used for communication b/t a neuron and another cell.

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Nerve Impulse

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An electrical charge. the signal tha tpasses from one neuron to the next and finally to and end organ or back to the central nervous system.

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Resting Membrane Potential

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RMP -70mV

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Depolarization

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The inside of a cell becomes positive and the potential difference across the membrane decreases.

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Hyperpolarization

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If the charge difference increases to an even more negative number the membranes become polarized

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Action Potential

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Rapid and substantial depolarization. RMP goes from -70mV to +30mV and back to -70mV.

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Threshold

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The minimum depolarization required to produce an action potential.

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Myelin Sheath

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Formed by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. (fatty substance)

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Nodes of Ranvier

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Uninsulated gaps on an myelinated axon.

Front 19

Saltatory conduction

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Faster type of condction due to sheath.

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Synapse

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The site of impulse transmission/communication from one neuron to another

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Neuromuscular Junction

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A motor neuron communicates with a muscle fiber at this site.

Front 22

Threshold

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minimum depolarization required to trigger an action potential.

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Absolute Refractory Period

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A point at which sodium gates are open and an axon cannot respond.

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Relative Refractory Period

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Point at which sodium gates are closed, potassium gates are opened and an axon will respond but only to a significantly greater stimulus.

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Acetylcholine

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Neurotransmitter that innervate skeletal muscle for most parasympathetic neruons.

Front 26

Norepinephrine

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Neurotransitter for most sympathetic neurons.

Front 27

Summation

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The cumulative effect of all individual graded potentials as processed by the axon hillock

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EPSP Excitatory postysynaptic potential

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An excitatory impulse that causes a hyperpolarization, or depolarization.

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IPSP Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

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An inhibitory impulse that causes a hyperpolarization. These complexes protect muslc-tendon-bone complexes under normal circumstances.

Front 30

Tracts

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Neurons grouped in bundles in the CNS (brain or spinal cord).

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Nerves

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Neurons grouped in bundles in the peripheral nervous system.

Front 32

What 4 parts are the brain comprised of?

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Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brain Stem

Front 33

What makes up the Central Nervous System?

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The brain and the spinal cord.

Front 34

What allows the two hemispheres in the cerebrum to communicate?

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A bundle of fibers (tracts) called the corpus collosum.

Front 35

Function of the Frontal lobe of the cerebrum

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General intellect and motor control.

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Function of the Temporal lobe of the cerebrum

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Auditory input and its interpretation.

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Fucntion of the Parietal lobe of the cerebrum

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General sensory input and its interpretation.

Front 38

Function of the Occipital lobe of the cerebrum

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Visual input and its interpretation.

Front 39

What makes up the diencephalon?

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The thalamus and the hypothalamus.

Front 40

What is the function of the thalamus, what is its importance and where is it found?

Back 40

All sensory input (except smell) enters here and is relayed to the appropriate part of the cortex. Very important for motor control. It is found in the diencephalon.

Front 41

What is the function of the hypothalamus and where is it?

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Maintains homeostasis and it is found directly below the thalamus in the diencephalon.

Front 42

Name specific functions of the hypothalamus.

Back 42

Controls blood pressure, heart rate and contractility, respiration and digestion; body temp; fluid balance; neuroendocrine control; emotions; thirst; food intake; and sleep-wake cycles

Front 43

Define the reticular formation and identify what it does.

Back 43

It is a collection of specialized neurons in the brain stem. They help coordinate skeletal muscle function, maintain muscle tone, control cv and respiratory systems and deterine our state of consciousness (sleep and arousal)

Front 44

Spinal cord

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Composed of tracts of nerve fibers that allow two way conductions of nerve impulses.