Physiology - Neurophysiology

Front 1

In sensory physiology a stimulus causes depolarization in except what sense?

Back 1

Vision - stimulus results in hyperpolarization

Front 2

Meissner's corpuscle, Merkel's disks & nerve plexi

Back 2

detect light pressure

Front 3

Krause's end bulbs, Ruffini's endings Pacinian corpuscles

Back 3

detect crude touch

Front 4

Golgi tendon oragan

Back 4

detect length and tension changes in a tendon

Front 5

Stretch receptors:
muscle spindle
Wall of viscera

Back 5

Muscle spindle - detect changes in muscles
Wall of viscera - detect distension (esophagus)

Front 6

Baroreceptor

Back 6

Detect change in BP due to distension (arch of aorta)

Front 7

Chemoreceptors

Back 7

Detect chemical changes
for example changes in O2 and CO2

Front 8

Nocioceptors

Back 8

free nerve endings that respond to pain

Front 9

Olfactory receptors (chemoreceptors)

Back 9

CNI --> thalmus and lymbic system

Front 10

Carotid and aortic bodies

Back 10

detect O2 conc in blood

Front 11

Describe the production of Epi from the first possible precursor

Back 11

Tyrosine -> DOPA -> Dopamine -> Norepi -> Epi

Front 12

What pathway detects pressure, vibration and propioception

Back 12

Dorsal column

Front 13

What pathway detects pain and temperature

Back 13

Spinalthalamic/Anterolateral column

Front 14

Where does the first order neuron synapse for the Dorsal column and where does this pathway cross the midline

Back 14

It synapses at the medulla. The second order neuron crosses midline at this point.

Front 15

Where does the 1st order neuron in the spinal thelamic pathway synapse and where does it cross midline

Back 15

It synapses in the spinal cord and then cross the midline. The 2nd order neuron synapses in the thalamus.

Front 16

How are acute and chronic pain signals transmitted differently

Back 16

Acute pain travels from the substantia gelatinosa (in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord) to the spinothelamic tract terminating in the cortex. If effect the reticular area. Chronic pain terminates in the hypothalamus and limbic system via the spinoreticular tract this is more emotional.

Front 17

What Cranial nerves conduct taste signals from the tongue

Back 17

posterior 1/3 - CN IX
anterior 2/3 - CN VII

Front 18

What is the crossed extensor reflex

Back 18

a withdrawal reflex on one side with addition of inhibitory pathways needed to maintain balance and coordination.

Front 19

What is the withdrawal reflex

Back 19

When you withdrawal from a painful stimulus. No message needs to go to the brain fro this. This reflex requires 3 types of neurons - sensory, interneuron and motor neuron.

Front 20

Where in the cortex is motor controlled

Back 20

the precentral gyrus

Front 21

What does the basal ganglia control

Back 21

voluntary gross movements and initiation of voluntary motor commands.

Front 22

What does the cerebellum control

Back 22

proper and smooth coordination of voluntary activity.

Front 23

What does the flocculo-nodular lobe of the cerebellum control

Back 23

in conjunction with the vestibular system it controls balance, equilibrium and head/eye coordination

Front 24

What does the vermis of the cerebellum control

Back 24

Gait and posture coordination during locomotion

Front 25

What do the cerebellar hemispheres control

Back 25

coordination of fast skilled motor activities

Front 26

What are specific characteristics of the PSN

Back 26

Cholenergic
1. Long 1st myelinated order neurons
2. 2nd order neuron close to point of innervation (often unmyelinated)

Front 27

What are specific characteristics of the SNS

Back 27

Adrenergic
1. Short 1st order neuron that synapses at a chain ganglia
2. 2nd order neuron not meyinated

Front 28

What types of receptors are cholinergic

Back 28

Nicotinic (all excitatory with rapid response)
Muscarinic (excitatory or inhibitory)

Front 29

What types of receptors are adrenergic

Back 29

Alpha - vasoconstriction and sphincter constriction, spleen contraction
Beta - found on heart, GI and skeletal mm

Front 30

What does the limbic system control

Back 30

emotions, behaviors, drives, feelings

Front 31

What does the basal ganglia control

Back 31

voluntary gross movements and initiation of voluntary motor commands.

Front 32

What does the cerebellum control

Back 32

proper and smooth coordination of voluntary activity.

Front 33

What does the flocculo-nodular lobe of the cerebellum control

Back 33

in conjunction with the vestibular system it controls balance, equilibrium and head/eye coordination

Front 34

What does the vermis of the cerebellum control

Back 34

Gait and posture coordination during locomotion

Front 35

What do the cerebellar hemispheres control

Back 35

coordination of fast skilled motor activities

Front 36

What are specific characteristics of the PSN

Back 36

Cholenergic
1. Long 1st myelinated order neurons
2. 2nd order neuron close to point of innervation (often unmyelinated)

Front 37

What are specific characteristics of the SNS

Back 37

Adrenergic
1. Short 1st order neuron that synapses at a chain ganglia
2. 2nd order neuron not meyinated

Front 38

What types of receptors are cholinergic

Back 38

Nicotinic (all excitatory with rapid response)
Muscarinic (excitatory or inhibitory)

Front 39

What types of receptors are adrenergic

Back 39

Alpha - vasoconstriction and sphincter constriction, spleen contraction
Beta - found on heart, GI and skeletal mm

Front 40

What does the limbic system control

Back 40

emotions, behaviors, drives, feelings

Front 41

What CN only have sensory function and don't have any motor function?

Back 41

CN I Olfactory, CN II Optic and CN VIII Vestibulocochlear (balance & hearing)

Front 42

What CN only have motor function and don't have any sensory function

Back 42

CN III Oculomotor, CN IV Trochlear, CN VI Abducens, XI Accessory, XII Hypoglossal

Front 43

What can pass the BBB

Back 43

H2O, CO2, O2 - everything else must be transported

Front 44

What happens to CSF

Back 44

it is reabsorbed by the arachnoid villi in the saggital sinus

Front 45

What does the Wernicke's area control (btw parietal and temporal lobes on the left)

Back 45

meaning of words and language are understood here. Damage here causes sensory aphasia. Says complete words but out of order.

Front 46

What does Brocca's area control (L frontal lobe)

Back 46

premotor area for speech sending programs fro the activation of appropriate speech. Damage = Can understand but can't form words.