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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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each taste cells is a non-neural polarized epithelial cell tucked down in the epithelium so that only a tiny tip protrudes, what is that tip called?
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taste pore
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all taste transduction ends w/ a cascade that ends w/ an intracellular _____ signal, due to ___ influx
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calcium
Ca2+ |
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Ca2+ triggers exocytosis and initiates a series of A.P. in the _____ neuron
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primary sensory neuron (neuron to spinal cord)
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what is gustastion?
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taste
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is there constant cell death/ birth in gustastion cells?
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yes
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which tastants directly pass through ion channels?
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salt and sour
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which tastants bind to and block ion channels
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sour
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which tastants bind to g-protein coupled receptors that lead to ion channel opening
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bitter
sweet umami |
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which tastants have amoliride sensitive channels?
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saltiness
sour |
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which tastant is directly linked to the influx of Na+?
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saltiness
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which tastants have H+ permeating the amoloride channels
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sour
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which tastants can bind and block K+ sensitive channels?
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sour
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which tastants have T2R receptors?
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bitterness
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which tastants have T1R and T3R receptors?
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sweetness
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if you are lacking in T1R or T3R, will you be able to taste sweetness?
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no
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true or false, bitter and sweet have the same second messenger system?
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true
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true or false, umami's transduction sequence is different than sweetness?
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false, they're identical
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what are the receptor cells for umami?
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T1R1 and T1R3
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what is the taste transduction pathway?
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tongue
primary sensory neuron brainstem (medulla) thalamus gustatory cortex |
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the human olfactory system consists of primary sensory neurons that synapse with seconday neurons in the _____
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olfactory bulb
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secondary neurons then project to ____ to the _____
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first cranial nerve
olfactory cortex |
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in addition, olfactory pathways lead to the ____ and ____ in the limbic system
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amygdala and hippocampus
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true or false, the olfactory cells are neurons?
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true
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unlike other neurons in the body, the olfactory cells do what
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continously divide, turnover rate of 2 months
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the cilia are embedded in a layer of mucus, and odorant molecules must first dissolve in and penetrate the mucus before they can bind to____ ____
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odorant receptor
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what are the odorant receptors? n
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G protein cAMP
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the combination of an odorant molecule with its odorant receptor activates a special G protein called?
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Golf
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the presence of Golf increase the cAMP concentration, true or false?
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true
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what is the transduction pathway for olfaction?
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smell
molecules dissolve bind with receptors activates G-olf Ca2+ activates, Cl- channels open depolarization |
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what part of the ear is used as the primary sensor?
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the vestibule
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what does the external ear consist of?
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pinna
ear canal |
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where does the ear canal end?
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the tympanic membrane, it is a thin membranous sheet. aka ear drum
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the typanic membrane seperates what from what?
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external ear from inner ear and the eustachian tube
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when does the eustachain tube open?
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to equilibriate middle ear pressure with atmospheric pressure during chewing, swallowing, and yawning
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what are the three bones of the middle ear?
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malleus, incus, stapes
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what are the two major sensory structures in the inner ear?
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vestibular apparatus with its semicircular canals
(sensory transducer for our sense of equilibrium) |
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what two things seperate the middle ear from the inner ear?
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oval window and the round window
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____ of the inner ear contains sensory receptors for hearing.
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cochlea
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the external structure of the cochlea looks like?
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a labyrinth
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what happens after the inner ear?
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cranial nerve 8 (vestibulocochlear)attaches to the inner ear and brain
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hearing is our perception of hearing ____
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sound waves
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frequency
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number of waves peaks / second
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our brains translate frequency into_______
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pitch
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low frequency waves are interpretted as what kind of pitch?
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low. e.g. thunder
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high frequency waves are interpreted as ?
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high pitched
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sound wave frequencies are measured in ?
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hertz
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loudness (sound intensity) is a function of _____.
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amplitude (valleys and peaks)
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intensity is measured as____
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decibels (logarhrihmic)
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what is the vestibular and cochlear ducts filled with
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perilymph
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the endolymph is filled w/ what that is secreted by what?
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endolymph secreted by epithelial cells
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the organ of corti is in which duct?
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cochlear duct
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what is the organ of corti composed of?
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hair cell receptors and support cells
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what does the organ of corti sit on?
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the basilar membrane
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what is the organ of corti partially covered by
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the tectorial membrane`
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are hair cells neural?
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no
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as waves travel through the cochlea, they displace basilar and tectorial membranes creating what?
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up and down ossiliations that bend hair cells
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each of the hair cells contains 50-100?
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sterocilia arranged in ascending height
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the longest sterocilia is called the
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kinocilium, is embedded in the overlying tectorial membrane
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as the sterocilia are attached by?
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protein bridges that act as springs and are connected to trap doors
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conductive hearing loss
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sound cannot be transmitted through either the external ear or the middle ear
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central hearing loss
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results from either damage to the neural pathways between the cerebral cortex or damage of cortex itself
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senorineural hearing loss
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arrises from damages to structures in the inner ear, including death of hair cells as a result of high noises
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where does the initial processing for pitch and loudness take place?
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the cochlea
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what is myopia
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cannot see near, the length of the eyeball is too long need concave lens to diverge light to hit the retina
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what is hyperopia?
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cannot see far, the length of the eyeball is too short, the focal point goes past the retina. This can be corrected with a convex lens
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what is the innermost layer of the retina?
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photoreceptors
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photoreceptors synapse with _____ cells via the ____ cells
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bipolar
horizontal |
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____ cells are in between the photoreceptors and bipolar cells
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horizontal
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____ cells link bipolar cells together and are capable of changing the response of bipolar cells
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amacrine
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what is the outermost layer of the retina?
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retinal ganglion
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optic nerve goes to ?
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thalamus
visual cortex |
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Photoreceptor transduction
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-light stimulates photo pigment in receptor that activates a G-protein
-G-protein stimulates effector enzyme -effector enzyme alters the concentration of the 2nd messenger (g protein) -ion channel closes -change in membrane potential |
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dark current, cGMP levels are high channels are____
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open, lots of NTM released
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Phototransduction in rods
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- rhodopin absorbs light retinal and opsin and the Gprotein (transducin) is activated
-effector enzyme is activated -decrease in cGMP (2nd mess.) -cGMP gated Na+ channels CLOSE -rod membrane depolarize in response to light-neurotransmitter is decreased |
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in darkness, the opsin is active or inactive?
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inactive
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in darkness, what is the conc. of cGMP?
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high
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in darkness, are ion channels open or closed?
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open
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what happens to rhodospin in the presence of light?
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it gets bleached
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in lightness, what is the concentration of opsin
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low
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do Na+ channels open or close in lightness
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close
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what happens in terms of AP in the cell w/ light?
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hyperpolarizes
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cGMP levels are high or low in light?
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low
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phototransduction in cones. what is the wavelength for:
blue green red? |
blue-430 nm (short)
green-530 nm (medium) red -560 nm (long) |
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what is color vision ability attributed to?
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blue, green, and red retinal signalsq
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off bipolar cells have ____ glutamate released by photreceptors that acts on ion channel receptors influx of ___ which causes _____
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more glutamate
Na+ depolarization |
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on bipolar cells have____ glutamate, decrease in ____ which causes ____
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less glutamate
Na+ hyperpolarization |
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define receptive field
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the circular area of the retina that when stimulated, changes the shape of the cell's membrane potential (switches on/off)
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the receptive field consists of 2 parts, what are they ?
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centre and surround
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centre and surround are _____ to each other
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antagonistic
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ON centre- _____ when light is shone at the center
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depolarized
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On centre- _______ when light hits the surround
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inhibited
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off centre- _____when dark hits the center
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excited
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off center- ____ when dark hits the surround
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inhibited
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Magnocellular cells have a ____ receptive field
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large
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parvocellular cells have a ____ receptive field
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small
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define focal length
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distance from center of lens to focal point
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in left LGN, left eye axons synapse on layers _____ and right eye axons synapse on _____.
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2, 3, 5 left
1, 4, 6 right |
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where do most of the visual layers go in visual cortex?
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IV C
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what is the broodmans area for the visual cortex
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17`
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define: binocularity
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respond to light in either eye since they have 2 receptive fields, one in either eye
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define: orientation selectivity
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respond to particular orientation of a bar of light within their receptive field
(goes from horizontal to verticle) |
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define: direction selectivity
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respond when bar of preferred orientation moves in a particular direction through the receptive field.
(goes somewhere else in space) |
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dorsal stream goes to what is is the ___ ____
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parietal lobe
is called the where and how (motion detection and navigation) |
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ventral stream goes to what and is the ____ ____
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temporal lobe
who and what (facial recognition, orientation and color selectivity) |
