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9 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the overall structure of the cardiovascular system including the relative location of the two pumps and two major vascular beds. |
The right atrium receives blood from the systemic veins, blood goes into right ventricle, blood enters the pulmonary circulation, going through the lungs to pick up oxygen, then blood enters the left atrium, then left ventricle, and the blood is pumped to the aorta to be sent through systemic arteries. |
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Identify the characteristics that make the cardiovascular system a "closed" system. |
There is no exit or entrance. It is organized and always enclosed. The two sides of the heart do not have any direct contact, and the blood on one side does not intermix with the blood on the other side; they're strictly separated. |
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Summarize the functions of the cardiovascular system with respect to the handling of nutrients and waste products. |
Blood carries nutrients through circulation to provide cells what they need, and it also carries their waste away. This waste enters the blood from the interstitial space by diffusion, and also nutrients leave the blood circulation into the interstitial space. Oxygen is picked up by alveoli in the lungs, and carbon dioxide leaves the blood through the alveoli. Oxygen and carbon dioxide leave and enter the tissue from the interstitial space. |
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Describe the inter-relationship between blood pressure, blood flow, and vascular resistance. |
Blood flows form an area of higher hydrostatic pressure to an area of low hydrostatic pressure. Vascular resistance is basically determined by the inverse relationship of the radius of the blood vessels. Blood flow is directly proportional to the pressure gradient and inversely proportional to the vascular resistance. (F= P/R) |
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Identify the major determinants of the resistance to blood flow |
Radius of the blood vessel Pressure gradient measured in mmHg Viscosity |
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Describe the structure of the heart, including the four chambers and the four valves. |
Left heart: composed of the left atrium and left ventricle. The valves associated with this side of the heart are the mitral valve, located between the left atrium and left ventricle, and the aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and aorta. This side of the heart pumps blood to the systemic circulation. Right heart: composed of the right atrium and the right ventricle. The valves associated with this side of the heart are the tricuspid valve, located between the right atrium and right ventricle, and the pulmonic valve, located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk. This side of the heart pumps blood to the pulmonary circulation. |
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Describe the major components of cardiac muscle as seen at the microscopic level. |
Cardiac muscles are striated, like skeletal muscles, but are shorter. Intercalated disks are the junctions of cardiac cells, where gap junctions are plentiful allowing the quick flow of sodium to allow a uniform contraction among cells. The conducting system is composed of the cardiac muscles that have adapted to this pacemaker activity. |
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Identify the components of the autonomic nervous system that innervate the heart. |
Sympathetic: norepinephrine: beta-adrenergic receptors. Parasympathetic: acetylcholine: muscarinic receptors. |
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Identify the components of the peripheral vascular system that supply blood to the myocardium. |
The first two branches of the aorta, called the coronary arteries, supply blood to the heart muscles. The blood leaving the myocardium passes throughout the coronary sinus that empties into the right atrium. |
