Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
a dynamic state of constancy
|
homeostasis
|
|
|
the level or value that the body tries to maintain
|
set point
|
|
|
any deviation from the set point is referred to as
|
error
|
|
|
processing mechanism to identify if th error is enough to require action
|
integrating center
|
|
|
when an error is detected in the body, the mechanism that couteracts the error is known as a/n
|
effector
|
|
|
______ identify the thing/signals sent by the body that an error is occuring
|
receptors
|
|
|
the range of values in homeostasis that would be considered acceptable
|
normal range
|
|
|
biomolecule polymers consist of these four categories
|
carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids/proteins, and nucleotides
|
|
|
attached to polymers to give special characteristics to a portion of a molecule
|
functional groups
|
|
|
functional group; OH, polar, acidic
|
hydroxyl
|
|
|
functional group; SH, polar, acidic
|
sulfhydryl
|
|
|
functional group; HPO4, polar, acidic
|
phosphate
|
|
|
functional group; COOH, polar, acidic
|
carboxyl
|
|
|
functional group; NH2, polar, base
|
amino
|
|
|
functional group; NO2,
|
nitro
|
|
|
Cn(H2O)n=(CH2O)n
|
carbohydrate
|
|
|
three major classifications of carbohydrates are;
|
mono., di., and polysacharides(more than 2)
|
|
|
hydrogen bonds with carbon, or hydrocarbon, refers to this hydrophobic/lipoohilic polymer
|
lipids
|
|
|
the four major classifications of lipids are
|
triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, and steroids
|
|
|
three lipids bound to a glycerol molecule
|
triglyceride
|
|
|
carbon, hydrogen, and one fuctional group bond together to form __________, such as testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and alderosterone
|
steroids
|
|
|
a wide variety of molecules, primarily constructed of amino acids (building blocks)
|
proteins
|
|
|
a covalent bond between a carboxyl from one group and an amino from another group
|
peptide bond
|
|
|
protein structures are classified as (4)
|
primary(order), secondary(interactions, tertiary(3D), quaternary(proteins interact to form a larger unit)
|
|
|
interactions causing a tertiary structure (4)
|
ionic bonds, van der Waal forces, hydrogen bonds, and covalent bonds
|
|
|
cellular adhesions that stitch membranes together, not permeable- stomach lining, bladder, etc
|
tight junctions
|
|
|
cellular adhesions that attach neighboring membranes together, via proteins that resemble velcro (3)
molecules can move between cells |
desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, adherens
|
|
|
cellular adhesions that join neighboring membranes like tight junctions, but the proteins that link cells act as channels- materials pass between cells
|
gap junctions
|
|
|
molecular movement which requires ATP, commonly move from low concentration to high concentration, many different types
|
active transport
|
|
|
molecular movement which occurs spontaneously, requires no additional energy, variations of diffusion
|
passive transport
|
|
|
the net movement of molecules based on the amount of electrical and chemical forces in and out of a cell
|
electrochemical gradient
|
|
|
mediated transport of materials into and out of a cells membrane through carrier/channel proteins
|
facilitated diffusion
|
|
|
when all carrier proteins are moving molecules at the maximum rate
|
saturation
|
|
|
difusion of water accross a semi permeable membrane
|
osmosis
|
|
|
the number of particles in a solution
|
osmolarity
isoosmotic,hyperosmotic,hypoosmotic |
|
|
the number of membrane-permeable particles in a solution, in addition to water
|
tonicity
|
|
|
tonicity with no net flux of water
|
isotonic
|
|
|
tonicity with net flux of water out of a cell
|
hypertonic
|
|
|
tonicity with a net flux of water into a cell
|
hypotonic
|
|
|
______ are proteins that act as catalysts in the body, lowering the activation energy required for metabolism
|
enzymes
|
|
|
an enzyme will bind to only one type of molecule. This is known as
|
specificity
|
|
|
a reaction which breaks down a large molecule into two or more smaller molecules
|
catabolic
|
|
|
a reaction that builds up smaller molecules into one larger molecule
|
anabolic
|
|
|
the breakdown of glucose (6C) into two pyruvate (3C) molecules, requires some ATP
|
glycolysis
|
|
|
Step 1 of glycolysis, uses one ATP to attach a P group to glucose
|
hexokinase
|
|
|
step 3 of glycolysis, uses one ATP to attach a P group to Fructose 6 P
|
phosphofructokinase
|
|
|
step 6 of glycolysis, removes H from G3P and creates one NADH
|
glyceraldehide 3 phosphate dehydrogenase
|
|
|
step 7 of glycolysis, removes P from biphosphate 3 glucose group, transfers P to make one ATP
|
phosphoglycerate kinase
|
|
|
step 10 of glycolysis, removes P group from phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP), transfers to make make ATP
|
pyruvate kinase
|
|
|
the net result of glycolysis is two ____ used in steps 1 and 3, 2 ____ are produced in step 6, and 4 ____ are produced in steps 7 and 10
|
ATP, NADH, ATP
|
|
|
the linking step between glycolysis and krebs converts _____ to _____, and produces _____ and ___
|
pyruvate, acetyl CoA, NADH, CO2
|
|
|
step 1 of Krebs cycle, combines acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate, produces citrate/citric acid(6C)
|
citrate synthase
|
|
|
step 3 of Krebs cycle, removes H, produces NADH and CO2
|
isocitrate dehydrogenase
|
|
|
step 4 of Krebs cycle, removes H from alpha ketogluterate, transfers to NADH
|
alpha ketogluterate dehydrogenase
|
|
|
step 6 of Krebs cycle, removes H from succinate, transfers it to FADH-->FADH2
|
succinate dehydrogenase
|
|
|
step 8 of Krebs cycle, removes H from malate, transfers to NAD-->NADH, back to beginning of cycle
|
malate dehydrogenase
|
|
|
electron transport protein chain
|
FMN, ISP1, CoE Q, Cyt B, ISP, Cyt C1, Cyt C, Cyt a, Cyt a3, ATP synthase
|
|
|
electron transport, NADH donates an electron at 1 and 5, and FADH2 donates an electron at 3. These #s refer to which proteins?
|
FMN, ISP, and CoEnzyme Q
|
|
|
a molecule loses an e- is said to be_______, a molecule gains an e- is said to be______
|
oxidized, reduced
|
|
|
glycolysis takes place in the ______, krebs cycle takes place in the ______
|
cytoplasm, mitochondria
|
|
|
although AcCoA can be produced through protein metabolism, the downside is
|
NH2 becomes NH4, toxic
|
|
|
The Cori cycle refers to EPOC, which is
|
excess postexcercise oxygen consumption- excess pyruvate-->lactate. later O2 can be used to convert lactate back to pyruvate -->AcCoA-->krebs cycle
|
|
|
cells which provide a protective wrap around the perirheral nervous system
|
schwann cells
|
|
|
cells which provide a protective wrap around the axial nervous system
|
oglidodendrites
|
|
|
chemical gates and voltage gates open for Na+, causing __________ of the cell
|
depolarization
|
|
|
when a signal reaches +30 (action potential) the K+ voltage gates open causing __________ of the cell
|
repolarization
|
|
|
as repolarization finishes, the charge is slightly overcompensated, called ____________
|
hyperpolarization
|
|
|
the period when the membrane is less excitable than at rest, including all of the depolarization and most of the repolarization period
|
absolute refractory period
|
|
|
during this period it is possible to generate a second action potential, but only with a strong stimulus
|
relative refractory period
|
|
|
different from conduction, electical signal are moved along the nerve by jumping, and lose no voltage along the way
|
propagation
|
