Physiology Lab Exam 2

Front 1

What is present on the RBC plasma membrane?

Back 1

Antigens - Agglutinogens

Front 2

What are genetically determined Glycoproteins present on the RBC membrane?

Back 2

Antigens - Agglutinogens

Front 3

Which two Antigens (agglutinogens) are present in a large proportion of human beings? These Antigens cause most blood transfusion reactions.

Back 3

Type A and Type B

Front 4

How many blood type combinations exist?

Back 4

6 total.
OO, OA, OB, AA, BB, AB

Front 5

If a persons blood type produces no Agglutinogens, what is the blood type?

Back 5

OO

Front 6

A person with blood type OA or AA produces what type of Agglutinogens and what type of Agglutinins?

Back 6

Agglutinogens: Type A
Agglutinins: anti-B

Front 7

A person with blood type O produces what type of Agglutinogens and what type of Agglutinins?

Back 7

Agglutinogens: None
Agglutinins: anti-A and anti-B

Front 8

A person with blood type AB produces what type of Agglutinogens and what type of Agglutinins?

Back 8

Agglutinogens: Type A and Type B
Agglutinins: None

Front 9

The Antibodies found in the plasma in response to the Antigens found on the RBC plasma membrane, are called?

Back 9

Agglutinins

Front 10

What is the reason for the agglutination seen with a blood type mismatch?

Back 10

The Agglutinins attaching themselves to the RBCs.

Front 11

How to Agglutinins work in Agglutination?

Back 11

Agglutinins have multiple binding sites so a single Agglutinin can attach to two or more RBCs at the same time, thereby causing the cells to clump.
These clumps can plug small blood vessels throughout the circulatory system.

Front 12

What destroys the membranes of Agglutinated cells?

Back 12

Physical distortion of the cells or attack from WBCs destroys the membranes of the Agglutinated cells, releasing Hemoglobin into the plasma, which is termed Hemolysis of RBCs.

Front 13

How do plasma Agglutinins (antibodies) develop for the ABO blood type system?

Back 13

Spontaneously

Front 14

How do Agglutinins develop for the Rh blood type system?

Back 14

Never spontaneously.
The person must be exposed to large amounts of Rh antigen by for example, a transfusion of blood containing Rh antigen, before enough Agglutinins are able to cause a significant transfusion reaction to develop.

Front 15

How many types of Rh antigens exist?

Back 15

6. Each of which are called an Rh Factor.
C, D, E, c, d, and e.

Front 16

If a person has Rh factor: C antigen, do they also have the c?

Back 16

No, if a person expresses C this means they do not have the c antigen.

Front 17

If a person is missing Rh Factor: C antigen, do they also have the c?

Back 17

Yes. A person will still express the c antigen despite missing the C antigen.

This is the same for D-d and E-e.

Front 18

Which Rh factor is widely prevalent in the population and considerably more antigenic than other Rh antigens?

Back 18

Rh Factor: D

Front 19

What makes a person Rh+ or Rh- ?

Back 19

If a person has the Rh factor: D, they are said to be Rh+
If a person does not have Rh factor: D, they are said to be Rh-

Front 20

What is the "universal" donor and recipient blood types?

Back 20

Universal Donor: O-
Universal Recipient: AB+

Front 21

What is the average arterial pressure during a single cardiac cycle?

Back 21

Mean Arterial Pressure

Front 22

What is the amount of pressure required to create a pulse?

Back 22

Pulse Pressure

Front 23

What is the condition that is caused when the mother and fetus have differing blood types, and Antibodies from the mother attack the fetus' RBCs?

Back 23

Erythroblastosis Fatalis

Front 24

What are the two main incompatibilities seen in Erythroblastosis Fatalis?

Back 24

ABO Incompatibility: Most common
Rh Incompatibility: Most severe. Causes severe anemia. Mother must take RhoGAM to prevent Erythroblastosis Fatalis.

Front 25

Blood Type: A+
Agglutination with anti-A:
Agglutination with anti-B:
Agglutination with Rh:

Back 25

Agglutination with anti-A: +
Agglutination with anti-B: -
Agglutination with Rh: +

Front 26

Blood Type: B+
Agglutination with anti-A:
Agglutination with anti-B:
Agglutination with Rh:

Back 26

Agglutination with anti-A: -
Agglutination with anti-B: +
Agglutination with Rh: +

Front 27

Blood Type: AB-
Agglutination with anti-A:
Agglutination with anti-B:
Agglutination with Rh:

Back 27

Agglutination with anti-A: +
Agglutination with anti-B: +
Agglutination with Rh: -

Front 28

Blood Type: AB+
Agglutination with anti-A:
Agglutination with anti-B:
Agglutination with Rh:

Back 28

Agglutination with anti-A: +
Agglutination with anti-B: +
Agglutination with Rh: +

Front 29

Blood Type: O-
Agglutination with anti-A:
Agglutination with anti-B:
Agglutination with Rh:

Back 29

Agglutination with anti-A: -
Agglutination with anti-B: -
Agglutination with Rh: -

Front 30

Blood Type: B-
Agglutination with anti-A:
Agglutination with anti-B:
Agglutination with Rh:

Back 30

Agglutination with anti-A: -
Agglutination with anti-B: +
Agglutination with Rh: -

Front 31

Which 6 things do the kidneys regulate in hopes to maintain homeostasis in the body?

Back 31

1) Plasma Osmolarity ( Osmoles of solute / L of solvent )
2) Plasma Volume
3) Acid-Base Balance
4) Electrolyte Balance
5) Excretion of metabolic wastes and foreign materials.
6) Production and secretion of hormones that regulate Osmolarity and electrolyte balance.

Front 32

What is the precise location of the Kidneys?

Back 32

Between the Posterior Abdominal wall and the Abdominal Peritoneum.

Front 33

Which kidney is slightly lower than the other?

Back 33

The right kidney is slightly lower than the left.

Front 34

What is the functional unit of the Kidney and how does it exist?

Back 34

Nephron, exists in about 1.2 million for each kidney.

Front 35

What part of the Nephron consists of a tuft of capillaries called the Glomerulus, which is enclosed by a fluid filled capsule called the Bowan's Capsule?

Back 35

The Renal Corpuscle

Front 36

What part of the Nephron supplies blood to the Glomerulus?

Back 36

Afferent Arteriole

Front 37

What is this process called: As blood flows through the Glomerular Capillaries, Protein-free plasma filters into the Bowman's Capsule.

Back 37

Glomerular Filtration

Front 38

What part of the Nephron drains the Glomerulus of the remaining blood?

Back 38

Efferent Arteriole

Front 39

What is the sequence of flow of the filtrate at the end of Glomerular Filtration?

Back 39

Filtrate flow:
Bowman's Capsule > start of Renal tubule called the Proximal Convoluted Tubule > Proximal Straight Tubule > Loop of Henle > Distal Convoluted Tubule > Connecting Tubule > Collecting Ducts.

Front 40

Where does urine collect in the Nephron?

Back 40

At the Collecting Ducts

Front 41

Where in the Nephron do we find Principle Cells and Intercalated Cells ?

Back 41

Distal Convoluted Tubule and the Collecting Duct.

Front 42

What are the functions of Principle Cells?

Back 42

Reabsorb Na+
Secrete K+

Front 43

What are the functions of Intercalated Cells?

Back 43

Secrete: H+ or HCO3-
Therefore very important in the regulation of acid-base balance.

Front 44

What aids the blood filtration from the Glomerular Capillaries into the Bowman's Capsule?

Back 44

Starling Forces (Hydrostatic and Osmotic pressure gradients) drives protein-free plasma from blood across the walls of the Glomerular Capillaries and into the Bowman's capsule.

Front 45

What is a good index of Kidney function?

Back 45

GFR - Glomerular Filtration Rate

Front 46

What is the range of the typical GFR in humans?

Back 46

Normal Human GFR Range: 80-140 ml/min.

So that in 24 hours, as much as 180L of plasma is filtered by the Glomeruli.

Front 47

What is the formed Glomerular Filtrate devoid of?

Back 47

Devoid of cellular debris and it is protein-free.

Front 48

How does the Glomerular Filtrate concentration of salt and organic molecules compare to that of blood?

Back 48

Similar

Front 49

What is the normal Liters/24 hours of urine output?

Back 49

1-1.5L / 24 hours

Front 50

Normally, what percentage of blood is filtered in the nephron? What is this due to?

Back 50

20% of entering blood is actually filtered.
This is due to the Osmotic pressure of the blood (Oncotic pressure), and the Hydrostatic Pressure from the fluids in the Bowman's Capsule.

Front 51

What are the 4 main ways to alter the GFR?

Back 51

1) Changing Afferent Arteriole Resistance
2) Changing Efferent Arteriole Pressure
3) Changing the size of the filtration surface
4) Renal Autoregulation

Front 52

Once Filtrate is formed, what does the Nephron do?

Back 52

It must reabsorb materials that the body needs and excrete unneeded materials from the body.

Front 53

Where in the Nephron does more than 67% of reabsorption take place?

Back 53

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Front 54

Where in the Nephron does about 7% of the reabsorption of NaCl take place, and a variable amount of secretion occur?

Back 54

Distal Convoluted Tubule and Collecting Duct.
~7% of NaCl is Reabsorbed
K+ and H+ is Secreted variably
Water is Reabsorbed variably

Front 55

Where do hormones act to reabsorb water and electrolytes in the Nephron?

Back 55

In the Distal part of the Nephron

Front 56

What is the function of Aldosterone?

Back 56

Regulates the reabsorption of NaCl (and thus its excretion also)

Front 57

What is the function of ADH?

Back 57

Causes the permeability of the Distal Convoluted Tubule and Collecting Duct to increase = Promoting the water reabsorption from the Filtrate.

Front 58

Which hormone is considered the most important in regulating water balance?

Back 58

ADH

Front 59

How can we reduce GFR?

Back 59

By constricting Afferent Arterioles and/or dilating Efferent Arterioles.

Front 60

How can we increase GFR?

Back 60

By dilating Afferent Arterioles and/or constricting Efferent Arterioles.

Front 61

What two types of cells are physiological mechanisms to regulate Afferent and Efferent Arteriole radius?

Back 61

Juxtaglomerular Cells
Macula Densa Cells

Front 62

How do Macula Densa cells work?

Back 62

In response to low Na+, Cl-, Water in filtrate in distal part of Nephron. This triggers the dilation of Afferent Arterioles to increase Glomerular Blood Flow.

Front 63

How to Juxtaglomerular Cells work?

Back 63

Able to constrict or dilate mostly the Afferent Arterioles, but also Efferent Arterioles in order to regulate Glomerular Blood Flow.
If low Glomerular Blood Flow: Juxtaglomerular Cells secrete Renin.

Front 64

If you increase blood pressure, how does this effect the pressure in the Glomerulus?

Back 64

Increased

Front 65

If you increase blood pressure, how does this affect GFR?

Back 65

Increased

Front 66

If you increase blood pressure, how does this affect urine formation?

Back 66

Increased

Front 67

What is the movement of filtered solutes and water from the lumen of the renal tubules back into the plasma called?

Back 67

Reabsorption

Front 68

List all functions of the Kidney

Back 68

1) Excretion of metabolic wastes and foreign chemicals
2) Regulation of water and electrolytes
3) Regulation of body fluid Osmolarity and Electrolyte Concentrations.
4) Regulation of Acid/Base Balance
5) Secretion, metabolism, and excretion of hormones
6) Gluconeogenesis

Front 69

What three processes aid in clearing the filtrate from unneeded products?

Back 69

1) Glomerular Filtration
2) Reabsorption from Renal Tubules into the blood
3) Secretion of substances from blood into the Renal Tubules.

Front 70

How does urine formation begin?

Back 70

When a large amount of fluid that is virtually free of protein is filtered from the Glomerular Capillaries into the Bowman's Capsule.
Most substances except for proteins are freely filtered, so that their concentration in the Glomerular Filtrate in the Bowman's Capsule is almost the same as in the Plasma.

Front 71

Which substances must be cleared from the blood?

Back 71

Urea, Creatinine, Uric Acid, Urates, and drugs.

Front 72

What is the pH of urine?

Back 72

~6
But can vary between 4.5-8 during changes in the body's metabolism.

Front 73

What is specific gravity?

Back 73

The ratio of a mass of a substance to the same mass of distilled water. Since urine has a greater concentration of solutes than water, it will therefore have a greater mass.
Specific gravity of urine ranges from 1.01-1.025

Front 74

How could you explain the appearance of Bilirubin in Urine?

Back 74

It is supposed to be removed from the blood and become part of Bile.
If found in urine, it indicates liver damage or liver disease.

Front 75

How could you explain the appearance of Blood in Urine?

Back 75

Hemoglobin raises basicity, along with myoglobin.
The pH would be high if blood was found in urine.
If found in urine, it indicates Kidney damage or infection, or kidney and bladder stones.

Front 76

How could you explain the appearance of Protein in Urine?

Back 76

Low pH would signify high protein levels in urine.
It indicates Kidney problems.

Front 77

List all the factors that could potentially contribute to low pH urine?

Back 77

Exercise, drugs, eating acidic foods, eating a high sodium diet.

Front 78

List all the factors that could potentially contribute to a high glucose concentration in urine?

Back 78

Diabetes, Kidney damage, Kidney Infection --> UTI

Front 79

What are the problems associated with a high urine Specific Gravity?

Back 79

Dehydration, heart failure, shock, Glucosuria.

Front 80

What are the problems associated with a low urine Specific Gravity?

Back 80

Diabetes, Kidney failure, Kidney infections, Excessive fluid intake.

Front 81

What measurement helps evaluate your body's water balance and urine concentration?

Back 81

Specific Gravity of urine

Front 82

What are the major functions of Respiration?

Back 82

Pulmonary Ventilation
Diffusion of Oxygen and CO2 between the Alveoli and blood.
Transport of Oxygen and CO2 in the blood and fluids from the tissue cells.
Regulation of Ventilation and other facts of Respiration.

Front 83

Define Pulmonary Ventilation

Back 83

The inflow and outflow of air between the atmosphere and the lung Alveoli

Front 84

How is Ventilation produced in the Human Lung?

Back 84

By muscular contraction in two ways,
1) By Downward and upward movement of the diaphragm to lengthen and shorted the chest cavity.
2) By elevation and depression of the ribs by the Intercoastal muscles to increase or decrease the anteroposterior diameter of the chest cavity.

Front 85

What is a simple method for studying Pulmonary Ventilation?

Back 85

Spirometry

Front 86

Define Spirometry

Back 86

The recording of the volume of air moving into and out of the lungs.

Front 87

What two things does the Spirometer measure?

Back 87

1) Records the volume of air that you inhale and exhale over a period of time.

2) Measures the rate of movement of air into and out of your lungs.

Front 88

What are the 4 Pulmonary Volumes?

Back 88

Tidal Volume
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Residual Volume

Front 89

Term the measurement: The volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath; it amounts to about 500 ml in the average-sized adult male.

Back 89

Tidal Volume

Front 90

Term the measurement: The extra volume of air that can be inspired beyond the normal tidal volume when the person inspires with full force; it is usually about 3000 ml.

Back 90

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Front 91

Term the measurement: The extra volume of air that can be expired by forceful expiration after the end of a normal tidal expiration; this normally amounts to 1200 ml.

Back 91

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Front 92

Term the measurement: The volume of air remaining in the lungs after the most forceful expiration; this volume averages about 1200 ml.

Back 92

Residual Volume

Front 93

What is the average amount of volume expected in: Tidal Volume?

Back 93

500ml

Front 94

What is the average amount of volume expected in: Inspiratory Reserve Volume?

Back 94

3000ml

Front 95

What is the average amount of volume expected in: Expiratory Reserve Volume?

Back 95

1200ml

Front 96

What is the average amount of volume expected in: Residual Volume?

Back 96

1200ml

Front 97

List the 4 Pulmonary Capacities?

Back 97

Inspiratory Capacity
Functional Residual Capacity
Vital Capacity
Total Lung Capacity

Front 98

Term the measurement: The Tidal Volume plus the Inspiratory Reserve Volume. This is the amount of air (about 3500 ml) a person can breathe in, beginning at the normal expiratory level and distending the lungs to the maximum amount.

Back 98

Inspiratory Capacity

Front 99

Term the measurement: The Expiratory Reserve Volume plus the Residual Volume. This is the amount of air that remains in the lungs at the end of normal expiration (about 2400 ml).

Back 99

Functional Residual Capacity

Front 100

Term the measurement: The Inspiratory Reserve Volume plus the Tidal Volume plus the Expiratory Reserve Volume. This is the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after first filling the lungs to their maximum extent and then expiring to the maximum extent (about 4700 ml).

Back 100

Vital Capacity

Front 101

Term the measurement: The maximum volume to which the lungs can be expanded with the greatest possible effort (about 5900 ml); it is equal to the Vital Capacity plus the Residual Volume.

Back 101

Total Lung Capacity

Front 102

What is the average amount of volume expected in: Inspiratory Capacity?

Back 102

3500ml

Front 103

What is the average amount of volume expected in: Functional Residual Capacity?

Back 103

2400ml

Front 104

What is the average amount of volume expected in: Vital Capacity?

Back 104

4700ml

Front 105

What is the average amount of volume expected in: Total Lung Capacity?

Back 105

5900ml

Front 106

What are both equations to find the Vital Capacity?

Back 106

VC = IRV + TV + ERV

VC = IC + ERV

Front 107

What are both equations to find the Total Lung Capacity?

Back 107

TLC = VC + RV
TLC = IC + FRC

Front 108

What is the equation to find the Functional Residual Capacity?

Back 108

FRC = ERV + RV

Front 109

All pulmonary volumes and capacities are about __ - __% less in women than in men, and they are greater in people with __________ and __________ than in individuals with ____________.

Back 109

20-25%
Larger physical builds and athletes
Smaller builds

Front 110

How do the Pulmonary Volumes compare during Normal Breathing, Hyperventilation and Hypoventilation?

Back 110

Normal Breathing:
Hyperventilation:
Hypoventilation:

Front 111

After a brief period of Hyperventilation, Apnea Vera occurs. Why?

Back 111

The cessation of breathing allows the blood CO2 levels to return to normal, and with it the desire to resume breathing. The temporary cessation of breathing following a brief period of voluntary Hyperventilation is known as Apnea Vera (apnea–without breath, vera–true).

A person may also voluntarily hold their breath and experience a voluntary Apnea for a short period of time.
However, the cessation of breathing results in hypercapnia, a condition in which blood CO2 levels rise above normal, producing a stronger chemical stimulus to the respiratory centers that overcomes the cerebral breath-holding input and initiates breathing.
Thus, the child who holds his breath to spite his parents will, if ignored, begin to breathe anyway. Immediately after voluntary apnea ends, breathing resumes at a higher than resting rate and depth, producing an involuntary Hyperventilation to quickly rid the body of excess carbon dioxide. As blood CO2 levels are returned to normal, breathing frequency and depth decrease to normal resting values.

Front 112

If you start Hyperventilating, the goal is to?

Back 112

Lower the CO2 levels in your blood

Front 113

What may Hyperventilation be a marker of?

Back 113

Bleeding
Heart or Lung disorder
Infection
Anxiety

Front 114

What physiological changes occur in the body during Hyperventilation?

Back 114

Respiratory Alkalosis
Cerebral Vasoconstriction because of Hypocalcemia (caused by high pH)
Hypoxia

Expiring more CO2 than what is being produced in the body, thereby raising the blood's pH value (making it more alkaline), initiating constriction of the blood vessels which supply the brain, and preventing the transport of oxygen and other molecules necessary for the function of the nervous system.

Front 115

What physiological changes occur in the body during Hypoventilation?

Back 115

Increased concentration of CO2 (hypercapnia)
Respiratory Acidosis
Secondary Hypoxemia (low oxygen levels - SECONDARY)

Early symptoms may include fatigue, daytime sleepiness, anxiety, and shortness of breath.
As the condition worsens, cyanosis (blue lips, fingers, and toes) or paleness may occur.
Severe disease may cause confusion, extreme fatigue, seizures, and mental status changes, and may ultimately lead to impairment of other organs, including pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale, a form of heart failure.

Front 116

What are Pulmonary function tests are routinely used to determine the presence of?

Back 116

Restrictive or Obstructive Pulmonary defects
Respiratory health prior to surgery
Lung and chest wall compliance
Response to therapies
Readiness to wean from a ventilator

Front 117

What do Obstructive defects impede?

Back 117

Impedes the movement of respiratory gases through the respiratory passages and alveoli. Airway resistance is increased and it is very difficult to exhale air.
During physical exertion, an increased breathing rate results in abnormally large volume of air remaining in the lungs, owing to the fact that a very small volume of air is exhaled with each breathing cycle.

Front 118

What are Obstructive diseases are characterized by?

Back 118

Elevated total lung capacity (TLC)
Elevated forced residual capacity (FRC)
Elevated residual volume (RV)

Front 119

What are examples of Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases?

Back 119

Asthma
Emphysema

Front 120

What may Restrictive (constrictive) defects be caused by?

Back 120

Restriction of the Chest wall or loss of functional Lung Parenchyma.
Because lung distension is impaired, the lungs cannot maximally fill with air.

Front 121

What are Restrictive pulmonary defects are characterized by?

Back 121

Reduced vital capacity (VC) - less than 80% of predicted
Reduced TLC
Reduced RV

Front 122

What are examples of Restrictive Pulmonary Diseases?
(Pulmonary causes of Restrictive Pulmonary Defects)

Back 122

Pulmonary Fibrosis
Tuberculosis
Massive Pneumonia

Front 123

What are Non-pulmonary causes of Restrictive Pulmonary Defects?

Back 123

Conditions that cause Chest wall restriction:
Massive obesity
Scoliosis
Pregnancy
Cardiomegaly

Front 124

How do you perform the FVC maneuver?

Back 124

The person inspires maximally and then exhales into the spirometer with maximum expiratory effort as rapidly and as completely as possible.

Front 125

What represents the FVC on the spirometry graph?

Back 125

The total vertical distance of the downward slope.

Front 126

Why is it customary to measure the the forced expiratory volume (FEV) during the first second (FEV1) and third second (FEV3)?

Back 126

Because there is a considerable difference in the amount of air that is expired each second.

In the normal person, the percentage of the FVC that is expired in the first second divided by the total FVC is about 80% and in the third second is 92%.

FEV% = (FEV/FVC) X 100

Front 127

How is FEV% affected in Obstructive Pulmonary Defects vs. Restrictive Pulmonary Defects?

Back 127

Obstructive Pulmonary Defects: This value can decrease to less than 20%, often seen in acute Asthma.
Restrictive Pulmonary Defects: Normal or elevated FEV%.

Front 128

Why is determination of FEV% important?

Back 128

The FEV% is a valuable and relatively sensitive index of airway obstruction, and therefore is very useful in evaluation of a patient’s response to a bronchodilator.

Front 129

Term the measurement: The volume of air moved through the pulmonary system in one minute when breathing as quickly and deeply as possible (hyperventilation).

Back 129

Maximal Voluntary Ventilation (MVV)

Front 130

How do you perform a Maximal Voluntary Ventilation?

Back 130

The subject inspires as deeply and as rapidly as possible (>1 breath/sec) while the tidal volume and the respiratory rate are measured.
Because the maximal breathing is difficult to maintain, the subject hyperventilates for 15 seconds.

Front 131

How do you calculate the MVV?

Back 131

The average volume per respiratory cycle is multiplied by the number of cycles per minute (liters/min).

Front 132

What is the MVV an indicator of?

Back 132

MVV is an indicator of the peak performance of the ventilatory apparatus (respiratory muscles, chest wall, airways, and lung parenchyma).
It limits how much oxygen is available to the tissues of the body during strenuous exercise and work.
MVV is rarely exceeded and normal values vary with sex, age, and body size.

Front 133

What are the normal values for MVV for males and females?

Back 133

Males: 140 - 180 L/min
Females: 80 - 120 L/min

Front 134

Up to what percentage can a person's MVV be used for exercise beyond 10 minutes?

Back 134

50%
Most people have trouble breathing when only using the available 30 - 40%.

Front 135

How is MVV affected in Obstructive Pulmonary Defects vs. Restrictive Pulmonary Defects?

Back 135

MVV tends to be reduced in both Restrictive and Obstructive Defects.

Front 136

What are the equations to predict the Vital Capacity in both Males and Females?

Back 136

Male VC = 0.052H – 0.022A – 3.60
Female VC = 0.041H – 0.018A – 2.69
[H – Height in cm, A – Age in years]

Front 137

Asthmatics tend to have smaller airways. What are they narrowed by?

Back 137

Smooth muscle contraction
Thickening of the walls
Excess mucous secretion

Front 138

How would the FEV% of an asthmatic person compare to that of an athlete?

Back 138

Asthmatic FEV%: Reduced
Athlete FEV%:

Front 139

How do Obstructive Pulmonary conditions affect:
TLC, RV, FVC, FEV and MVV values?

Back 139

TLC: Increased
RV: Increased
FVC:
FEV:
MVV: Reduced

Front 140

How do Restrictive Pulmonary conditions affect:
TLC, RV, FVC, FEV and MVV values?

Back 140

TLC: Reduced
RV: Reduced
FVC: Reduced
FEV: Reduced
MVV: Reduced

Front 141

What is the clinical importance of the FEV and FVC values?

Back 141

FEV:
FVC:

Front 142

What is ventilation a result of?

Back 142

Muscle Contraction

Front 143

What reduces the pressure within the thoracic cavity, allowing the atmospheric gas to enter the lungs (inspiration)?

Back 143

The contraction of the diaphragm

Front 144

What's the difference between inspiration and expiration processes during normal breathing and during strenuous exercise?

Back 144

Normal: Inspiration = Active / Expiration = Passive
Exercise: Inspiration = Active / Expiration = Active

During exercise: External intercoastal muscles contract during inspiration and diaphragm contraction. Expiration involves internal intercoastal muscle contraction

Front 145

How is Ventilation measured?

Back 145

As the frequency of breathing multiplied by the volume of each breath, called the tidal volume.

Front 146

How do Oxygen and CO2 travel around the body?

Back 146

Down their concentration gradients

Front 147

Define Minute Respiratory Volume and state the equation

Back 147

The amount of air that passes in and out of the lungs in 1 minute.

Equation: Tidal Volume x Breaths/min

Front 148

How is the adequacy of alveolar ventilation measured?

Back 148

In terms of the partial pressure of CO2.

Front 149

What is the major component for regulating breathing rate?

Back 149

CO2

Front 150

What maintains normal partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs and blood?

Back 150

Ventilation

Front 151

How are breathing patterns of an individual tightly regulated?

Back 151

By breathing centers of the brain so that the respiratory and circulatory systems can work together effectively.

Front 152

What condition would result in a significant loss of intrinsic elastic recoil in the lung tissue?

Back 152

Emphysema

Front 153

How does a person with Emphysema breath?

Back 153

Slow exhalations, requiring great effort.

Front 154

What is the difference in the way in which Asthma increases airway resistance compared to Emphysema?

Back 154

Airway resistance is increased in Asthma because of bronchiole smooth muscle spasms causing airways to constrict, in addition to thick mucous secretion clogging them.

Elastic recoil is not diminished in an acute asthma attack.