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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gonads - func'n
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produce gametes & secrete sex hormones
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Vasectomy - process
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Vas deferens cut & tied off
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Vasectomy - reversibility
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40%
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Semen - components
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sperm & seminal fluid
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Typical volume of ejaculate
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2.5 - 5 ml
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Normal sperm count
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50 - 150 million/ml
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Semen problems
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lack of forward motility
low count abnormal shapes |
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vulva - components
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Vagina & external genitalia
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Ovaries - func'n
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Production of immature female gametes (oocytes)
Secretion of female sex hormones (estrogen & progestins) Secretion of inhibin (to decrease FSH secretion) |
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FSH
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Follicle-stimulating hormone regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the body
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Oogenesis - desc
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ovum production, begins before birth, accelerates at puberty & ends at menopause
oogonia complete mitotic divisions before birth Daughter cells (primary oocytes) prepare to undergo meiosis between 3rd & 7th months of fetal development Oocytes enter prophase , then unter a suspended state until puberty |
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Meiosis I (ovum) - desc
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Begins during fetal development
Completes after puberty when primary oocyte produces secondary oocyte and polar body |
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Meiosis II (ovum) - desc
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Secondary oocyte is ovulated
Oocyte splits into ovum and second polar body after fertilization |
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Stages of follicular development
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Primordial
primary secondary graafian ovulation |
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Primordial Stage of follicular development - desc
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Contains primary oocyte
Primary oocyte + follicle cells After sexual maturation, groups of primordial follicles are activated (begins the ovarian cycle) |
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Primary Stage of follicular development - desc
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Begins with primordial cells -> primary follicles
Follicle cells enlarge and undergo repeated divisions Several layers of follicle cells surround oocyte Follicle cells are now called granulosa cells |
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Secondary stage of follicular development - desc
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Wall of follicle thickens
Granulosa cells secrete protective fluid (follicular fluid=liquor folliculi) Primary oocyte grows at steady pace; follicle grows rapidly because of the increased fluid |
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Graafian (Tertiary) stage of follicular development - desc
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Occurs by the 10th to 14th day
LH levels rise; primary oocyte now completes meiosis I One secondary oocyte and one nonfunctional polar body is formed Secondary oocyte undergoes meiosis II, but does not finish meosis unless fertilized Corona Radiata: protective layer formed by granulosa cells around the secondary oocyte |
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Ovulation stage of follicular development - desc
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Tertiary follicle releases secondary oocyte as the follicular wall ruptures
Marks the end of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle and the start of the luteal phase |
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Formation/Degeneration of Corpus Luteum stage of follicular development - desc
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Empty tertiary follicle collapses
Blood vessels bleed into antrum (center of follicle) Remaining granulosa cells proliferate, forming corpus luteum |
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Corpus Luteum
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Formation occurs with LH stimulation
Makes steroids called progestins (progesterone) Small amount of estrogen is also secreted Progesterone prepares the uterus for pregnancy by stimulating the maturation of the uterine lining Degenerates ~12 days after ovulation if no fertilization occurs. Progesterone/estrogen levels fall drastically Corpus albicans: scar tissue of Corpus Luteum Disintegration marks the end of the ovarian cycle |
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Life History of Oogonia
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Germ cells from yolk sac migrate to ovary & become oogonia
As a fetus, oogonia divide to produce millions by mitosis but most degenerate (atresia) Some develop into primary oocytes & stop in prophase stage of meiosis I 200,000 to 2 million present at birth 40,000 remain at puberty but only 400 mature during a woman’s life Each month, hormones cause meiosis I to resume in several follicles so that meiosis II is reached by ovulation Penetration by the sperm causes the final stages of meiosis to occur |
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Hysterectomy - def'n
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Surgical removal of the uterus
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Indications for Hysterectomy
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endometriosis
ovarian cysts excessive bleeding cancer of cervix uterus or ovaries |
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Complete hysterectomy - desc
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removes cervix as well as uterus
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Radical hysterectomy - desc
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Radical hysterectomy removes:
uterus tubes ovaries part of vagina pelvic lymph nodes supporting ligaments |
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Uterine cycle - desc
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preparation of uterus to receive fertilized ovum
if implantation does not occur, the stratum functionalis is shed during menstruation |
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GnRH - desc
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Secreted by the hypothalamus controls the female reproductive cycle
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GnRH - func'n
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Secreted by hypothalmus, control female reproductive cycle
stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete FSH & LH |
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Amenorrhea - def'n
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absence of menstruation
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Amenorrhea - causes
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hormone imbalance
extreme weight loss or low body fat as with rigorous athletic training |
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Dysmenorrhea - def'n
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pain associated with menstruation severe enough to prevent normal functioning
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Dysmenorrhea - causes
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uterine tumors
ovarian cysts endometriosis intrauterine device |
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Abnormal uterine bleeding - desc
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excessive amount
duration intermenstrual |
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Abnormal uterine bleeding - causes
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fibroid tumors
hormonal imbalance |
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FSH - func'n
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initiates growth of follicles that secrete estrogen
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LH - func'n
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stimulates ovulation & promotes formation of the corpus luteum which secretes estrogens, progesterone, relaxin & inhibin
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Progesterone - func'n
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progesterone prepares uterus for implantation and the mammary glands for milk secretion
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relaxin - func'n
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facilitates implantation in the relaxed uterus
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inhibin - func
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inhibits the secretion of FSH
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estrogen - func'n
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maintains reproductive organs
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Number of oocytes present at birth
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200k - 2mm
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Number of oocytes present at puberty
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40k
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Number of oocytes that mature during a woman's life
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400
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Corpus albicans - desc
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scar tissue of corpus luteum
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Corona Radiata - desc
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Protective layer formed by granulosa cells around the secondary oocyte
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Liquor folliculi
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Follicular liquid that provides protection during 2nd stage of follicular development
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