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164 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Body Systems
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Cell Differentiation
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Cell
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Connective Tissue
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Controlled Variable
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Effector
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Endocrine Gland
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Breifly Describe how an Endorcrine gland is formed.
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Epithelial Tissue
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Where can you find epithelial tissue and what are its function(s)?
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Exocrine Glands
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Briefly explain how an exocrine gland is formed and what is its function
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Extracellular Fluid EFC
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The Internal Environment
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The External Environment
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Extrinsic Controls
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Feedback
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Feedforward
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Glands
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Homeostasis
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maintaining internal environmetn within physiological limits. Ex: blood glucose range
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Homeostatic Control Systems
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Control Centre
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Interstitial Dluid
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Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
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Intrinsic ( local ) controls
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Lumen ( where, what )
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Muscle Tissue
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Negative Feedback
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Nervous Tissue
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Organisms
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Organs
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Plasma
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Positive Feedback
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Secretion
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Sensor
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Tissues
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Intrinsic Regulation
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Intrinsic Regulation
Cells within the organs sense a change and signal from a neighbor cell |
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Extrinsic Regulation
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The brain or other organ regulates an organ using the endocrine or nervous system
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Categories of Tissues
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-Muscle tissue
-Nervous tissue -Epithelial tissue -Connective tissue |
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Muscle tissue types
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-Skeletal muscle
-Cardiac muscle -Smooth muscle |
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Nervous Tissue
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Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Neurons and glial cells |
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Neurons
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Conduct impulses and have three parts
- Dendrites - Axon - Cell Body |
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Epithelial Tissue
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forms the membranes that line/cover body surface
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Exocrine Glands
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Derived by epithelial tissues, ducts
Ex. lacrimal, sweat, and sebaceous glands |
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Connective Tissues categories
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-Connective tissue proper
-Cartilage -Bone -Blood |
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Physiological processes are based on
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Chemical reactions
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Hydrophilic
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not dissolve in water
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pH
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neutral =7
above 7 base or alkaline below 7 acid |
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Carbohydrates
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organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
major source of energy sugars and starches |
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Glycogen
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another polysaccharide formed to store sugar in a cell
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Cellulose
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polysaccharide made by plants (not digestible by humans)
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Hydrolisis
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breaks bonds between monosaccharides, use to build/break fats, proteins, and nucleic acids
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Lypids
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nonpolar hydrocarbon chain and rings, hydrophobic
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Tryglycerides
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fats and oils. Composed of one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids
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Saturated Fatty Acids
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when every carbon on the fatty acid chain shares a single electron
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Unsaturated Fatty Acids
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when are double bonds between carbons
u for u |
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Proteins
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composed of an amino acid chain
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the sequence of amino acids in a chain is determined by
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DNA
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Amino Acids
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Has an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a functional group (what differentiates the 20 amino acids)
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Secondary structure of the protein
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weak hydrogen bonds may form between neighboring amino acids
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tertiary structure of the protein
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attaction to amino acids further away produces bends and folds creating a specific 3D shape
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Quaternary protein structure
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functional proteins are composed of multiple polypeptide chain covalently bonded together.
Ex. hemoglobin & insulin |
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Nucleotides
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five carbon surgar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
building blocks for nucleic acids |
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DNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid
deoxyribose bind to one of four nitrogenous base G- guanince T- Thymine C- cytosine A- Adenine |
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RNA
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Ribonucleic acid
similar to DNA except: has ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose is ingle-stranded instead of double -stranded has uracil instead o thymine |
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Types of RNA
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Messener RNA
Trasnfer RNA Ribosomal RNA |
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Enzymes
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class of proteins that serve as catalyst.
increase rate of reaction can be used again, do not change do not change the nature of the reaction |
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the function of an enzyme is dictated by
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its structure
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enzyme activity influence by
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-Temperature
-pH -Concentration of cofactors and coenzymes -Concentration of enzyme and substrate -Possibe stimulatory or inhibitory effects of products on enzyme function |
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Universal energy carrier
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ATP
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Cell
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are the basic functional units of the body
variety of shapes and sizes |
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Cell share some common features
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Plasma membrane and associated proteins
cytoplasm amd organelles nucleus |
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Plasma membrane
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phospholipids barrier between the intracellualar and extracelullar environments
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Phagocytosis
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digestion in a food vacuole which fuses with a lysosome of dead cells and other organic materials
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Endocytosis
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strategy for bringing large materials into the cell
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Pynocytosis
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nonspecific
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Receptor-mediated endocytosis
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specific
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Exocytosis
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large cellular products (proteins) are moved out of the cell
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Cytoplasm
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material within the cell. Includes organelles, cytosol and organized system of microtubules and microfilaments
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Lysosomes
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organelles filled with digestive enzymes
responsible for autophagy apoptosis: programmed cell death |
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Peroxisomes
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contain enzymes specific to certain oxidative reactions
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Mitochondria
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sites of energy production
have an inner and outer membrane separated by an intermembranous space Inner membrane us folded into cristae have their own DNA can make copies of themselves |
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Ribosomes
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protein factories of the cell
two subunits composed of proteins and ribosomal RNA |
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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granular ER
has ribosomes functions in protein modification |
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Agranular ER
Many functions, depending on the cell |
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Golgi Complex
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consists of stacks of flattened sacs
one side receives proteins from the ER Packages in vesicles and bud off to fuse with the plasma membrane for exocytosis |
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Cell Nucleus
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most cell- one nucleus
enclosed by the nuclear envelope made of two membranes contains DNA |
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Genes
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is a length of DNA that codes for a specific protein
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Human have how many chromosomes?
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23 pairs, one set from each parent
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RNA synthesis
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transcription
starts and stop regions at the beginning and end of the gene RNA polymerase, enzyme reads the DNA and assembles the appropiate RNA nucleotide Forms precursor mRNA leave nucleo |
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Protein Synthesis
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translation
mRNA attached to a string of ribosomes to form a polyribosome in a codon |
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transfer RNA
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contains the anticodon
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How is homeostasis usually accomplished?
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Feedback loops
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what disrupts homeostasis?
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external stimuli, internal stimuli- disruptions mild and temporary
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components of feedback loops
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receptor, control center, effector
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receptor
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monitors changes, sends input in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals to a control center.
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control center
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sets the range of values iwthin which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates input it receives from receptors and generates output commands
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effector
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body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition
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major parts of the cell
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cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, ER, golgi apparatus
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the plasma membrane
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flexible, sturdy barrier, surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of the cell, fluid mosaic model
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cytoplasm
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resevoir that contains two components: cytosol-mostly water and dissolved solutes and particles, organelles- ER, mitochondria, lysosomes,etc
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purpose of mitochondria
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main role in cellular respiration, oxidation of foodstuffs to produce ATP (energy)
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lysosomes
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contain: enzymes to break down proteins, RNA, DNA, fats, and some carbs. Allows cells to digest food molec
allows cells to break down cellular components that are no longer needed |
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endoplasmic reticulum
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transports substances. stores newly synthesized molecules. synthesizes and packagtes molecules, detoxifies chemicals, and releases calcium ions involved in muscle contraction
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ribosomes
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sites of protein synthesis. composed by packages of ribosomal RNA.
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golgi apparatus/complex
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consists of flattened sacs surrounding one pole of nucleus. Abundant in secretory cells. modify proteins made by the ER. Process, sort and package proteins to be transported to where are needed.
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transcription
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the process of copying DNA info onto an RNA molecule
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the process of making a protein in the ribosome
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translation
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_____ is when the DNA code is copied onto mRNA
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transcription
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__________ is when the amino acids are linked together in the ribosome
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translation
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______ and _____ both occur in the nucleus
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transcription; replication
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____ occurs in the ribosome
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translation
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A copy of DNA base sequences is carried from the nucleus to the cytoplasm by...
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mRNA
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Uracil or thymine can bond to
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adenine
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Actin
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ADP
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ATP
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Adipose Tissue
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Aerobic
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ameoboid movement
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Anaerobic
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ATP snythase
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cellular Respiration
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Citric Acid Cycle
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Cristae
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Cytoplasm
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Cytoskeleton
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Cytosol
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
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Dynamin
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Electron Transport Chain
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Endocytosis
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Endroplasmic Reticulum
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Exocytosis
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Glycogen
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Glycolysis
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Golgi Complex
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Hydrolytic Enzymes
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Krebs cycle
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Lysosomes
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Matrix
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Mitosis
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How our body breaks covalent ( peptide ) bonds
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Enzymes
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Structure Determines function of
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Bonding is responsible for the shapes of
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Lipids Store Energy, Amino Acids Store Energy, ATP -
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CARRIES
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The backbone of DNA and RNA is a
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Phosphate/sugar chain
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G ( guanine ) won't bind with C ( cytosin ) due to
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Size
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Pairing Strength GC vs AT
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GC > AT
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Template Strand
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IS DNA
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Energy Comes from
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Breaking Bonds
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Glycolysis can occor with or without O2
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True
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How Does CO2 leave our body?
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Diffusing from cell --> Blood --> Exhale
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Majority of CO2 comes from
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Breakdown of food but mostly Krebs cycle.
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Glucose is a Single Carbohydrate
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Monosaccharide
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Glycogen stores carbohydrates
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chain of glucose -Polysaccharide
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Lipids vs Carbohydrate
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Lipids store more energy
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Lipids :
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fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, steroids
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Function of Lipids
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major source of energy storage, major structural components of cells. Basis of hormones and steroids.
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Saturated vs Unsaturated fats
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Absence vs Presence of double bonds with the fatty acid carbon chain
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Four Levels of protein structure
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Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary.
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Proteins
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Made up of 20 amino acids, 8 of which are essential.
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Function of proteins
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- Structure of cell and hence body
- enzyme - internal food source for energy |
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Denaturing a protein :
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destroys all bonds except covalent
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