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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Pinocytosis?
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Pinocytosis is a type of endocytosis where the membrane closes around particles, pinches off the enclosed particles, and brings it into the cell.
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What is the cytoskeleton?
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The cytoskeleton maintains cell shape and provides movement.
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What makes up cytoskeleton?
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Cytoskeleton is largely comprised of microtubules, actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and myosin filaments.
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How do intermediate filaments differ from microtubules and microfilaments?
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Intermediate filaments have no polarity (monomers are oriented in both directions) and association and dissociation of dimers can occur anywhere on the filament (only on the ends in microfilaments/tubules)
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What is the family of + directed motor proteins?
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Kinesin
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What is the family of - directed motor proteins?
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Dynein
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How do motor proteins carry cargo?
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Dynein and Kinesin both bind to cargo vesicles or microtubules to carry cargo.
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What is the nucleolus?
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It is a specialized region in the nucleus that is involved in the synthesis of ribosomes.
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What is Rough ER?
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Rough ER is the part of the ER that makes membrane-bound proteins and proteins destined for export.
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What is the Smooth ER?
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Smooth ER is part of the ER that makes lipids
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What is the Golgi apparatus?
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The Golgi apparatus is the "shipping and packaging" department of the cell.
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Final vesicles leave what side of the Golgi apparatus?
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The TRANS face!
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Where is the electron transport chain?
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The electron transport chain is on the highly folded INNER membrane of mitochondria.
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What do lysosomes contain?
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Hydrolytic enzymes like proteases, nucleases, phospholipases, etc.
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Where do lysosomes originate?
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They originate from the TRANS face of the Golgi apparatus
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What are primary lysosomes?
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Primary lysosomes fuse repeatedly with a variety of membrane-bound substrates
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What are secondary lysosomes?
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Secondary lysosomes are primary lysosomes after fusion.
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What do Peroxisomes contain?
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They contain oxidative enzymes like catalase.
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What do Lysosomes do?
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Lysosomes degrade phagocytosed material and worn-out parts of the cell.
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What do peroxisomes do?
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Peroxisomes detoxifies foreign chemicals and metabolizes fatty acids.
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What do proteasomes do?
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They degrade cell proteins that have been tagged with a ubiquitin molecule.
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What are the four junctions between cells?
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1. Zonula occludens
2. Zonula adherens 3. Desmosomes 4. Gap junctions |
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What are Zonula occludens?
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They are tight junctions that join epithelial cells
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What are Zonula adherens?
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Belt of attachment that surround epithelial cells just below the zonula occludens.
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What are Desmosomes?
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These are "spot welds" between cells.
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What are gap junctions?
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These electrically connect cells by allowing some ions through.
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Which junction joins intermediate filaments from one cell to another?
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Desmosomes!
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What junction involves connexons?
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Gap junctions!
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Which junction joins actin filaments from one cell to another?
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Zonula Adherens!
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What are the purine bases?
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Adenine and guanine
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What are the pyrimidine bases?
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Thymine and cytosine
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Is the leading strand 3' to 5' or 5' to 3'?
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The leading strand is 3' to 5'!
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Is the lagging strand 3' to 5' or 5' to 3'?
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5' to 3'!
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What joins Okazaki fragments?
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DNA ligase!
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What is the Histone Code?
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The Histone Code is the implication that a particular combination of histone modifications will ALWAYS produce the same biological result.
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What are Histones?
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Histones are specific proteins that form the basic unit of chromatin called the nucleosome.
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What is the primary structure of a protein?
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The primary structure is its amino acid sequence.
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What is the secondary structure of a protein?
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The secondary structure is the folding of amino acid into alpha helix, beta sheets, or beta turns.
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What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
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The tertiary structure is the 3D arrangement of all the amino acids.
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What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
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The quaternary structure is how a protein interacts with other proteins.
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What is Posttranslational Modification?
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Posttranslational Modification regulates and refines protein structure and function after a protein has been translated.
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What are the four major classes of postranslational modification?
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1. Formation of disulfide bonds
2. Folding into the functional form 3. Cleaving the proteins at specific sites 4. Chemical modification |
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What phosphorylates proteins?
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Protein kinase!
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What dephosphorylates proteins?
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Protein phosphatase!
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What are two ways of regulating protein activity?
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1. Altering the amount of protein
2. Altering the intrinsic activity |
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Of the two ways of regulating protein activity, which is the fastest?
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reversible activation or inactivation of proteins!
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What are fatty acids?
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Fatty acids are acids that contain a long hydrocarbon chain and a carboxylic acid group
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What are saturated fatty acids?
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Saturated fatty acids are fatty acids with hydrogen covalently bonded to ALL the remaining carbons.
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What are unsaturated fatty acids?
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Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double carbon bonds.
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Surface Tension of water results from what?
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Surface Tension of water results from asymmetric forces at the interface.
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How do amphipathic lipids reduce surface tension?
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Amphipathic lipids reduce surface tension by lowing the energy required to move water molecules to the surface by coating the surface of the water.
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What is Surface Tension?
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Surface Tension is a measure of how much more a water molecule at the surface is attracted to the bulk water phase because of increased forces compared to the surface.
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Describe motion in the plane of a lipid bilayer.
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Chemical bonds in lipids can stretch, rotate, and flex causing motions within the hydrophobic interior of membranes. Double bonds promote fluidity within the bilayer while single bonds make the membrane more rigid.
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What is the Fluid Mosaic Model?
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The Fluid mosaic Model describes the various proteins that "float" in the lipid layer of membranes.
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What are intergral proteins?
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Integral proteins are proteins tightly bound by the membrane and can only be removed by extreme measures like degradation.
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What are Peripheral Proteins?
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Peripheral Proteins are proteins that are loosely held in the membrane.
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What are the units of surface tension?
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units of force per unit length
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How are secreted proteins synthesized on the ER membrane?
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Secreted proteins are synthesized on the ER membrane by:
1. Synthesis of ER signal sequence 2. Recognition of signal sequence by signal recognition particle 3. Binding to receptor on ER membrane 4. Transfer of cytosolic ribosome to the ER membrane where translation and translocation occur. |
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What is the permeability of a membrane?
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Permeability is a single parameter that relates the flux to the concentration difference.
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What are Overton's Rules?
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1. The permeability is proportional to the lipid solubility
2. The permeability is inversely proportional to molecular size. |
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What are ionophores?
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Ionophores are molecules like fungi and bacteria that allow ions to cross membranes.
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What are the two types of Ionophores?
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Channel-forming and carriers!
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What are Ligand-Gated channels?
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They are channels that only open when a specific molecule binds to them to open them.
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What is Primary Active Transport?
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Primary Active Transport moves material AGAINST the electrochemical gradient by the DIRECT involvement of ATP hydrolysis.
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What is Secondary Active Transport?
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Secondary Active Transport moves material AGAINST the electrochemical gradient by the INDIRECT involvement of ATP hydrolysis.
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What is an example of primary active transport?
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Ion pumps
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What is an example of secondary active transport?
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Na-glucose cotransport in the intestinal epithelium
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What is a symport?
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A symport, also called cotransport, is a secondary active transport mechanism that transports two materials in the SAME direction.
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What is an antiport?
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An antiport, also called exchanger, is a secondary active transport mechanism that transports two materials in OPPOSITE directions.
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What is the Hydraulic Permeability or Conductivity?
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It is a coefficient that relates the fluid flux and the pressure difference.
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What is Osmotic pressure?
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Osmotic Pressure is the pressure necessary to stop osmotic flow across a barrier that is impermeable to the solute.
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The Osmotic coeffecient corrects for what?
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Corrects for the non-ideal behavior of solutions.
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Why is solute flux in the presence of pressure-driven flow not given by Fick's Law?
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Because the pressure-driven flow carries along some solute by SOLVENT DRAG which changes the concentration gradient.
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What is Osmosis?
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Osmosis is the movement of fluid across a membrane in response to different concentrations of solutes on either side of the membrane.
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The correction for partially permeable membranes requires what?
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The reflection coefficient!
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When the membrane is freely permeable to the solute, what happens to osmosis and osmotic pressure?
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There is no osmosis or osmotic pressure!
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When the membrane is completely impermeable to the solute, what happens to osmosis and osmotic pressure?
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Osmosis or osmotic pressure is given by van't Hoff's Law.
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What is osmolarity?
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Osmolarity is like a concentration measure but is related to other properties of solutions like freezing point depression, etc.
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What is autocrine signaling?
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A signaling cell releases a chemical that acts locally.
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What is endocrine signaling?
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A signaling cell releases a chemical that travels through brood to act on remote targets.
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What is a neuroendocrine signal?
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It is a signal that starts out when the neural chemical signal enters the blood and acts on a distant target.
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What is the fastest way to convey a signal from one part of the body to another?
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Electrical signals and neurotransmitter are fastest
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What is the slowest way to convey a signal from one part of the body to another?
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Endocrine signals!
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Ligand-gated ion channels open with what kind of signal?
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Chemical signals!
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Glycolysis converts glucose into what?
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Converts glucose into pyruvate
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Pyruvate dehydrogenase does what?
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It releases CO2 and makes NADH
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Complete oxidation of pyruvate produces how much ATP?
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15 ATP
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How many ATP molecules are made during glycolysis per one mole of glucose?
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6-8 ATP!
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How many ATP molecules are made in the mitochondria per one mole of glucose?
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30 ATP
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What is the ATP yield from glycerol?
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22 ATP
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What is "glucogenic"?
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Glucogenic amino acids are amino acids that can be used to make glucose.
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What is "ketogenic"?
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Ketogenic amino acids are amino acids that can be used to make ketone bodies.
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How is Glycerol oxidized? How much ATP is produced?
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Glycerol is phosphorylated then converted into dihydroxyacetone phosephate which can then be oxidized fully to CO2 through glycolysis and the Kreb cycle.
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What is the amino acid that is required to feed into the urea cycle?
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Aspartate!
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