Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is Physiology?
|
one of the oldest sciences
aristotle described anatomy and speculated on funcion of brain as a radiator to cool body |
|
|
Vitalist
|
eaten food with vital forces which were modified by liver into natural spirits and when combined with air in the heart vital spirits were formed and then converted to animal spirits in the brain
|
|
|
Mechanistic View
|
Begin in the Renaissance
Presumed that life processes were explainable by the newly described physical and chemical laws and could be varified through expirement |
|
|
Characteristics of life
|
- Grow and reproduce
- cellular organization - Have a metabolism - respond to Environment - Similar chemical makeup |
|
|
Similar chemical makeup elements
|
C, H, O,N,P,S
|
|
|
Atoms tend to arrange their electrons in the most stable (______) configuration
|
lowest energy
|
|
|
in some cases losin e- to form a an ion may make it more______
|
stable
|
|
|
ion
|
gain or lose an e-
|
|
|
weak chemical bonds---types:
|
Ionic: Na and CL- from NACL
Dipole/Hydrogen: charge attraction between molec |
|
|
Strong chemical bonds--types
|
based on sharing of electrons
covalent: 2H+0--> H20 |
|
|
chemical bond are a way to store energy ad breaking a bond can realease....
|
energy
|
|
|
in our cells energy can be stored in
|
ATP
|
|
|
chemical reactions can change the ____ between atoms
|
bonds
|
|
|
many chemical reactions are____
|
reversable
|
|
|
Thermodynamic Laws
|
1. the amt of energy in the universe is constant
2. matter tends from higher energy state towards disorder (lower energy state) |
|
|
What are the Molecules of Life
|
Carbs
Lipids Protiens Nucleic Acids |
|
|
Carbohydrates
|
excellent energy sourse
sugar starches glucose,fructose,sucrose |
|
|
sucrose=
|
glucose+fructose
|
|
|
Lipids
|
Olily cant dissolved in h20
energy source fats |
|
|
3 types of fats
|
triglycerides---energy rich
phospholipids--component of cell membrane steriods/cholestrol---cholestrol used to synthesize steriods |
|
|
Nucleic Acids
|
- made up of ribose at least 3 phosphate groups and a base: A,G,T,C
-primary unit of our genes -makes up protiens |
|
|
Primary structure
|
The unique amino acid sequence
|
|
|
Protiens
|
-structure between cells
-chemical messengers -receptors -enzymes |
|
|
The cell is the____ ______ of ____
|
basic unit of life
|
|
|
precursors
|
pre-existing cells that create mature cells
|
|
|
Intracellular region is made up of
|
cytoplasm
h2o ions--.k,na,ca,cl protiens fuel |
|
|
organelles
|
provides life function energy to cells
|
|
|
The nucleus
|
site of DNA storage
site of RNA synthesis - nuclear envelope |
|
|
Protein synthesis
|
1. producing mrna inside nucleus encoded off genes
2. ribosomes read mrna and connect amino acids into protiens 3.mrna is template and amino acids link 4.ribosome dissociates from the mrna |
|
|
House Keeping Genes
|
common gene turned on in each cell
|
|
|
Epithelial Tissue
|
lines body surface
protective strong effective barrier tissue waterproof protect from heat bug bites |
|
|
tissue
|
a collection of cells that are subserving a function
|
|
|
Muscles
|
contract and shorten and because it does it creates forcce
3types |
|
|
3 types of Muscles
|
1. Skeletal Muscle(voluntary
2. Cardiac Muscle( only in heart) 3. Smooth Muscle- found in organs not voluntarily |
|
|
excitable tissue
|
muscle and nervous tissue
|
|
|
2 types of nervous tissue
|
for communication
1. neurons 2. nurogilia (gial cells)---support cells |
|
|
connective tissue
|
- provides strength and resillancy
-scaffolding - very few cells - alot of protiens |
|
|
loose connective tissue
|
excellular matrix has lots of protiens (not organized)
collagen(strength) elsatin(elasticity) -provides shape to tissue/body |
|
|
dense connective tissue
|
-surround muscle
-associated with tendons and ligaments |
|
|
tendons
|
muscle and bone
|
|
|
ligaments
|
bone to bone
|
|
|
Adipose tissue
|
fat tissue
-protections -store excess energy |
|
|
cartilage
|
cushioned well lubricated surface on bones
|
|
|
bone
|
structure source of calcium protection
|
|
|
blood
|
transports nutriens o2 waste and heat
|
|
|
Homeostasis
|
act of keeping internal environment constant
|
|
|
Internal Environment
|
- Blood (plasma)
-fluid surrounding cells called INTERSTITIAL FLUID Brain INTERSTIAL FLUID made from brain |
|
|
why must the internal environment remain constant?
|
it surrounds your cells
cells are dramatically effected by it |
|
|
What things are kept regulated
|
Na, K, Ca, Cl concentrations
H2O content Glucose Body Temp |
|
|
what controls homeostasis
|
the brain
|
|
|
what are the two types of cells in the nervous system
|
neurons
glial |
|
|
resting membrane potential
|
electrical charge of cell
allows cell to do work all cells have it caused by ions passing or leaving a call -70mV |
|
|
what ions enter and leave the cell?
|
k+ leaves (EFFLUX)
Na+ enters (INFLUX) |
|
|
there is a high concentration of __ion outside the cell and a high concentraion of ___ion inside the cell
|
1. NA
2. K |
|
|
Ion movement are due to
|
concentration gradients
|
|
|
action potential travel___an axon
|
down
|
|
|
upswing of action potential
|
opening of gated channels
na move in |
|
|
downswing of action potential
|
opening of gated channesl
K moves out |
|
|
central nervous system
|
brain and spinal cord
|
|
|
peripheral nervous system
|
anything outside cns
|
|
|
What are Nerves
|
bundles of neurons and support cells
|
|
|
Myelin
|
support cells help speed up the action potential
|
|
|
Glial
|
support cells keep the nueron alive
|
|
|
solitary conduction
|
movement from node to node (jumping)
|
|
|
Demyelinated Disease
|
Multiple Sclerosis
|
|
|
Neurons communicate to other tissue via the ___
|
synapse
|
|
|
Neurotransmitters
|
communicate "medium"
released by the presynaptic cell |
|
|
Parts of the brain
|
Forebrain
Cerebellum Brainstem |
|
|
vesicles
|
contain neurotransmitters
|
|
|
Neurotransmitter chemicals
|
Acetycholine
Dopamine Serotinin |
|
|
What happens once nurotransmitters are removed from the synapse
|
1.glial cells can remove Neurotrans
2. Neurotrans are destroyed by enzymes 3. Neuron will reuptake the Neurotransmitter |
|
|
The grey matter contain the ____ ____
|
cell bodies
(soma) |
|
|
The white matter contains ___
|
axons
|
|
|
motor neurons
|
control muscle organ (heart, kidney)
|
|
|
sensory neurons
|
carry info to the CNS afferent
|
|
|
Cerebrospinal Fluid
|
cushions and nourishes the brain
-fluid is made from blood plasma -fluid fills spaces (ventricles) in the brain |
|
|
Forebrain
|
Higher Function
1. Cerebral Cortex -complete thought -vision -thought -personality -motor control 2. Corpus callosum:connects |
|
|
Cerebellum
|
Basic body functions
1st places that I process sensory infor THalamus |
|
|
Brainstem
|
Basic Body functions
1. Medulla Oblongota: Breathing, heart rate, body temp, sleep |
|
|
5 typical sense
|
1. touch (pressure sensation)
2. Olfactory(chemical sense) 3. Taste(chemical sense) 4. Auditory 5. Visual |
|
|
Other senses
|
1. acceleration/decalleration
2. temp 3. propreoception |
|
|
Propreoception
|
ability to detect where limbs are in realtion to body
|
|
|
all stimuli must be transduced into _____ signals
|
electrical
|
|
|
Receptors
|
cells that respond to stimuli
they transduce stimuli all stimuli are of diff energy |
|
|
Properties of Receptors
|
1. specific
2. Limited Receptive Field: size vary in differnt parts of the body 3. Indicate the strength of the stimulus |
|
|
How Receptors indicate the strength of the stimlus
|
1. they frequency of the action potentials that occur in the sensory (afferent)
2. the number of sensory receptors activated |
|
|
Other Properties of Receptors
|
1. they adapt
2. they respond to a limited range 3. some need support structures |
|
|
Touch Receptors
|
they are in the skin
each receptor is secialized for certain type of stimuli diff types of touch receptors |
|
|
Pacinian Corpuscle
|
Touch Receptor
encapsulated changes in response to very long stimuli very deep in skin detecting long duration stimlu fast adaptation |
|
|
Meissners Corpuscle
|
some are very sensitvie to slip
capsulation found in hands, face good for sliding fingers |
|
|
Ruffini Endings
|
Other detect skin stretch
detecting stretch bending joints |
|
|
Merkel Endlngs
|
Important for detection of fine stimuli
follow each ridge in fingertips do not adapt lips, tounge, interior mouth, hands, fingers, face |
|
|
Touch when activated the receptor sends information down its___ and then info is spent to the ___/_____
|
axon
brain/spinal cord |
|
|
when detect normal touch with right the ___cortex process it
|
left
|
|
|
Information in the nervous system (touch) is sent as an_______
|
action potential
|
|
|
Somatosensory Cortex
|
-first major site to process body sensations
-touch pressure, temp, pain information - Homnoclulus |
|
|
Pain on the Body's Surface
|
generally easy to located
|
|
|
Pain inside the Body
|
Referred Pain is "wrongly projected"
- we precieve it on specific surfaces of the skin |
|
|
Proproception
|
important for sense of balance
the somatosensory cortex tells us the location of the limbs - recpetors in joints, muscles provide info |
|
|
Lens and Pupil
|
allow light to focus on retina
|
|
|
Retina
|
where photoreceptors are found
|
|
|
Fovea
|
focuses images
highest accuracy |
|
|
special senses
|
vision, smell, taste
found in head |
|
|
Photoreceptors
|
Rods and cones
|
|
|
Rods
|
good for dim light
|
|
|
Cones
|
color vision/ detail
primarily found in fovea |
|
|
Photopigments
|
preform vision transduction
RODOPSIN changes shape when exposed to light Photobleachin |
|
|
Visual information is sent to the ______ part of the brain
|
occipital lobe
which contains the visual cortex** CROSSOVER |
|
|
Optic Chiasm
|
part where visual pathways cross
|
|
|
Hearing
|
we detect sound waves (energy)
|
|
|
outer ear
|
Pinna and Auditory Canal
|
|
|
Pinal
|
designed to help focus sound waves
|
|
|
Auditory Canal
|
Allow focus of sound to the middle ear
|
|
|
Middle Ear
|
Amplifies vibrations
Eardrum and bones |
|
|
Inner Ear
|
Cochlea-Tranduces sound
|
|
|
How do we transduce sound waves
|
with Hair Cell: the tectorial membrne and the basilar membrane vibrate when a sound wave comes through
|
|
|
Hair cell: One end is embedded in the _________ the other end (the tips) are in the ________(flexiable)
|
1. basilar membrane
2. tectorial membrane |
|
|
What happens when the Hair cell tips bend
|
this affects nurotransmitter release by the hair cells
|
|
|
Vestibular System
|
important for maintaining posture and balance
|
|
|
Balance
|
receptors in the inner ear
three semicircular canals |
|
|
Utricle and Saccule
|
detect linear acceleration in the ear
hair cells in there |
|
|
Otolift Organs
|
crystals in the inner ear that respond to linear accelerations and moving laterally
|
|
|
young embryos exhibit brain activity around the ___
|
second trimester
|
|
|
ectoderm
|
the tissue that develops the nervous system in early development
|
|
|
Nervous system development requires:
|
-cell division
-cell migration -making synapses - hormones, growth facrots -adhesion molecules -gene expression - critical periods - cell death |
|
|
Example of why cell death is involved in nervous system development
|
the visual system and eye patches
|
|
|
Nervous Tissue Rengeration in Adults is more difficult
|
the ability to regrow nerves differs between the central servous system and peripheral nervous system
|
|
|
the brain is plastic..
|
it changes in response to stimuli
connections are strengthed or weakned |
|
|
What are the Functions of the Nervous System
|
1. It senses stimuli
2. It controls activity: involuntary, voluntary 3. Higher congnitive function |
|
|
some body functions do not require conscious input
|
1.movement of blood
2. breathing 3. production of urine 4. digestion of food |
|
|
autonomic system is the controller: 2 types
|
sympathetic
parasympathetic |
|
|
Sympathetic
|
-flight or fight
danger |
|
|
Parasympathetic
|
rest and digest
quiet situations |
|
|
Nervous system controls voluntary body functions like:
|
higher congnitive functions
voluntary skeletal muscle control |
|
|
High Cognitive Function
|
-Abstract thought
- Emotions - Planning - Memory - All products of a PLASTIC brain |
|
|
Limbic system
|
regions of the brain that regulate emotions
can react automatically or according to higher input |
|
|
Frontal Lombotmy
|
Common treatment during the mid 20th Cent for emotional issues
|
|
|
Habituation
|
ignoring a repeated stimulus
but paying attention when the stimulus changes appreciable ex: mouse |
|
|
Sensitization
|
reaction to a noxious stimulus gill withdrawal reflex
|
|
|
Long term Potentiation
|
Hippocampus
Presumbably LTP may crystalize short term memory into long term memory |
|
|
We divide memory into 2 additional categories
|
declarative
and Procedural |
|
|
Declarative memory
|
knowledge, memorization
|
|
|
Procedural memory
|
movements abilities
|
|
|
Associative Cortices (areas)
|
higher processing of sensory input and voluntary output
-Integrate anaylzes sensory input - Helps formulate the voluntary output (if any) |
|
|
Examples of associative cortices
|
parietal associative cortex
temporal associative cortex frontal associative cortex |
|
|
The association cortices revieve input from primary sensory regions, voluntarily making sounds with the mouth
|
Left
|
|
|
The association cortices revieve input from primary sensory regions, reading printed sentences
|
Right
|
|
|
Associative cortex deficits
|
parietal lobe
temporal lobe |
