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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is bulk flow?
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-when blood flows from high=low
-refers to the movement of blood in response to a pressure gradient |
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left ventricle blood pressure
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0-120 mm Hg
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arterial blood pressure
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80-120 mm Hg
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capillaries
-characteristics -about the walls -types |
-narrowest but most numerous
-if you increase SA=increase rate of exchange -walls: -only a single layer of endothelial cells -provide for the exchange of molecules between the blood and surrounding tissues -types: fenestrated and continuous |
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fenestrated capillaries
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the endothelial cells possess relatively large pores that allow for rapid diffusion of small WATER-SOLUBLE substances (kidneys, liver, intestines, and bone marrow)
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continuous capillaries
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-the endothelial cells are joined together such that the spaces between them are relatively narrow
-permeable to HIGH-LIPID molecules |
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pressure gradient (highest=lowest)
-7 components |
-left ventricle
-large arteries -arterioles -precapillary sphincters -capillaries -venules -large veins |
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pressure gradient (mm Hg)
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-left ventricle-120
-large arteries-120 -arterioles-100 -precapillary sphincters-60 -capillaries-20 -venules-10 -large veins-2 |
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where is the largest resistance to blood flow?
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arterioles
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MAP aka
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upstream pressure
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Frank-Starling Law
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-states that the more the veins stretch, the greater their resultant contraction
-force of ventricular contraction increase when EDV increases -stretch=contraction strength |
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Boyle's Law
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-states that the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume
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Inspiration (ventilatory muscles)
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1. diaphragm expands
2. chest wall expands 3. intrapleural pressure decreases 4. alveolar pressure decreases |
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Expiration (ventilatory muscles)
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1. diaphragm relaxes
2. chest wall recoils (it is elastic) 3. intrapleural pressure increases 4. alveolar pressure increases |
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3 stages of pulmonary ventilation
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1. into the lungs
2. into the heart 3. into systemic cicuit |
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components in plasma
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-electrolytes
-respiratory gases -organic nutrients |
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components in formed elements
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-erythrocytes (RBC)
-leukocytes (WBC) -thromocytes -platelets |
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what do kidneys regulate?
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plasma volume and solute concentrations
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how are nutrients balanced?
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input + production = utilization + output
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how much of and what is filtered in the proximal convuluted tube?
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70%-sodium, chloride, and water
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what is the order of stuff that is being filtered in the PCT?
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1-sodium is actively trasported
2-chloride follows electrical gradient into the interstitial fluid 3-water follows by osmosis SCW |
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places in the neuphron affected by hormonal change?
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distal convulted tubule and collecting ducts
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osmotic pressure of ultrafiltrate
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300 mOsm
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what happens in the descending limb of the loop of henle?
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water reabsorption via osmosis
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what happens in the ascending limb of the loop of henle?
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-active transport of sodium
-passive transport of chloride -NO WATER DIFUSSION |
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what happens in the distal convuluted tubule?
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-ACTIVE transport of sodium
-PASSIVE transport of chloride -water reabsorption --in the late distal tubule |
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what hormone regulates water absorption in the DCT and the CD?
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ADH
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what happens in the collecting duct?
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water reabsorption
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what percentage of water is reabsorbed in the PCT?
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70%
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what percentage of water is reabsorbed in the loop of henle?
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5-10%
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what percentage of water is reabsorped in the late distal convulted tubule and collecting duct?
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20-25%
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functions of the renal system
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1-regulate plasma volume (blood pressure)
2-regulate electrolyte concentration-Na, K, HCO3 3-regulate pH (H ion concentration) 4-regulate concentration of waste products in the blood 5-secrete erythroprotein (which causes RBC production) |
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3 anatomical parts of the renal system
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1-cortex
2-medulla 3-nephron |
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job of the cortex
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-filtration
-a lot of capillaries |
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job of the medulla
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-filtrate flows into minor then major calyces, renal pelvis, and ureter
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what is a nephron?
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functional unit of kidney
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part of the nephron tubule (5)
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1-bowman's capsule
2-proximal convuluted tubule (PCT) 3-loop of henle (LH) 4-distal convuluted tubule (DCT) 5-collecting duct (CD) |
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order of renal blood vessels
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1-afferent arteriole
2-glomerulus 3-efferent arteriole 4-peritubular capillaries and vasa recta |
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afferent arteriole
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deilvers blood into the glomerulus and the nephron
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glomerulus
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capillary network produces filtrate that eneter the urinary tubules (part of the blood stream)
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efferent arteriole
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delivers blood from glomeruli to peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
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peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
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capillaries surrounding tubules
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purposes of renal exchange
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1-filtration
2-reabsorption 3-secretion |
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filtration
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moves stuff from glomerulus=bowman's capsule
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reabsorption
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most filtered substances
-happens from PCT into peritubuluar capillaries and vasa recta |
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secretion
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allows kidneys to rapidly eliminate vertain potential toxins
-bloodstream=nephron |
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what are the two components of the glomerular filtration membrane?
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1-fenestrae
2-ultrafiltrate |
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fenestrae
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-large capillary pores
-allow for exchange -small enough to prevent RBC's and proteins from passing through |
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ultrafiltrate
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fluid and everything that cannot fit through the fenestra that is pushed into the bowman's capsule by blood pressure (pressure of the glomerular capaillary walls)
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glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
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volume of filtrate produced by both kidneys/min
-averages=125 ml/min OR 180 L/day (for 2 healthy kidneys) |
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inulin
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-a polysaccharide that is not produced by the body
-it is injected into the bloodstream -since it is not secreted or reabsorbed all of it will be excreted -measurement of inulin concentration will tell what GFR is and how effective it is |
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what affects the GFR?
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-vasoconstriction and vasodilation or afferent arterioles--
they affect the blood flow to the glomerulus and therefore the GFR |
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regulation of GFR (3)
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1-intrinsic control (autoregulation)
2-sympathetic nervous system 3-hormonal (Renin-angiotension) |
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intrinsic control (autoregulation)
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ability of kidney to maintain a constant GFR under systemic changes in mean arterial pressure (done through production of chemicals and stretch receptors)
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according to intrinsic control what happens when blood pressure changes
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-if BP increases, vasocontriction within afferent arterioles
-is BP decreases, vasodilation within afferent arterioles |
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sympathetic nervous system
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-fight or flight (preserves blood volume to muscles and heart during fight or flight)
-overrides intrinsic control -STIMULATES VASOCONSTRICTION OF AFFERENT ARTERIOLES |
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chain of events of response of sympathetic nervous system
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1-decrease in BP
2-baroreceptor reflec activated 3-increase in sympathetic nerve activity 4-vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles in kidneys 5-decrease in GFR 6-decrease in urine production 7-increase in blood volume |
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reabsorption
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return of most of the filtered solutes and water from the urine filtrate back into the capillaries
-solutes move first, then water (via osmosis) -180 L/day...1-2 L of urine excreted |
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pathway of reabsportion
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tubule=epithelial cells=interstitium (Peritubulum)=capillary
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reabsorption of sodium
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-it is the most abundant solute in the plasma and ultrafiltrate
-reabsorption of other solutes and water depends on its absorption -sodium is + charged so it depends on proteins for transportation |
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ways to transport sodium
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-Co-transport
-Na/K pump |
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how glucose is transported
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-saturation
-exhibit Tm |
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max absorption is regulated by protein carries because...
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glucose is polar colvalent
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renal transport threshold
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-when carrier proteins are saturated, a minimal amount of the solute appears in the urine
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normal blood glucose concentration
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100 mg/dL
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highest glucose level can be without it being excreted
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170 mg/dL
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diabetics and glucose
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-glucose in urine
-increase in blood glucose levels, increase glucose in nephrons |
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micturition reflex
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-the process of urinating
-drained from the KIDNEYS by the COLLECTING DUCTS -COLLECTING DUCTS = URETERS -URETERS = URINARY BLADDER -when bladder is full, STRETCH RECEPTORS are activated -urine drains from the BLADDER via the URETHRA by URETHRAL SPHINCTERS (smooth muscle) |
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what controls internal urine excretion?
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parasympatheic control (autonomic)
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what controls external urine control?
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voluntary control
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