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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which of the following are likely to occur during an acute case of hypotension with the least consequences?
A) Decreased blood flow to the skin B) Decreased blood flow to the kidneys and intestines C) Decreased blood flow to the brain D) Decreased blood flow to the skin, kidneys and intestines |
A) Decreased blood flow to the skin
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What is occurring in box “A” before the arterial constriction increase occurs?
A) The capillary hydrostatic pressure is decreasing B) The capillary hydrostatic pressure is increasing C) The capillary oncotic pressure is increasing D) The interstitial oncotic pressure is increasing |
A) The capillary hydrostatic pressure is decreasing
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As the intraventricular pressure increases which of the following occur?
A) Pressure in the ventricle increases B) T wave of the ECG occurs C) Second sound occurs as a result of the semilunar valves closing D) Diastole occurs |
A) Pressure in the ventricle increases
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Many of your patients will be elderly who have suffered decrease in blood flow to the brain. Which of the following is the most common reason for this condition in your patients?
A) Cerebral Hemorrhaging B) Intense sweating C) Cardiac failure D) Hemorrhaging and severe sweating E) All of these are correct |
C) Cardiac failure
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As per the Echat, during strenuous exercise blood flow, Vander incorrectly states that blood flow will decrease in which organ?
A) The abdominal organs B) The kidneys C) The skin D) The brain E) The skin and heart |
D) The Brain
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Pulmonary edema results from:
A) Failure of the left ventricle B) Failure of the right ventricle C) Failure of the right atrium D) Failure of the left atrium |
A) Failure of the left ventricle
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Which of the following are receptors that transmit electrical signals triggered by a painful stimulus?
A) C-fibers and A delta fibers B) C-fibers and A delta fibers C) A beta fibers D) None of them |
B) C-fibers and A delta fibers
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In the diagram shown, where is pain first sensed by the patient?
A) Thalamus B) A-beta pain fibers C) Dorsal Root Ganglion D) Somatosensory cortex |
A) Thalamus
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Use the diagram to answer the following questions
A) Pain and other sensory modalities are handled by the same dorsal root ganglion B) Pain fibers cross over immediately after entering the spinal cord C) Pain fibers do not cross over immediately after entering the spinal cord D) The thalamus will sense touch before it senses pain |
B) Pain fibers cross over immediately after entering the spinal cord
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You have just accidentally grabbed the handle of an extremely hot frying pan. The initial sharp pain causes you to scream as well as to do which of the following?
A) Extend your arm only B) Flex your fingers only C) Flex your arm and extend your fingers D) Extend your arm and rotate your trunk |
C) Flex your arm and extend your fingers
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You are in India and claim you can eat their hottest chili. You eat some and begin to sweat profusely and experience pain in your tongue. Which receptors were activated in your tongue for the sensation of pain?
A) Vanilloid receptors B) Capsaicin receptors C) Opiate receptors D) Bradykinin receptors |
A) Vanilloid receptors
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You cut your finger and get some lemon juice on the wound. You do and it burns. This burning sensation is due to which of the following?
A) Substance P which is directly produced by the lemon juice B) Acetylcholine which is directly produced by the lemon juice C) CGRP and substance P which is directly produced by the lemon juice D) Hydrogen ion which is a natural product of lemon juice |
D) Hydrogen ion which is a natural product of lemon juice
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You are putting up the Tree House for your children. It is cold and you are hammering. You hit your thumb while hammering and it begins to swell. Which chemical is responsible for this sign of inflammation?
A) Substance P B) Histamine C) CGRP D) Naproxin |
B) Histamine
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You have a patient with severe back injury. Nothing works to alleviate the pain. Even opiates do not seem to minimize the pain. You are concerned about him becoming addicted to the opiates. What is causing this kind of pain?
A) Chronic pain due to nerve injury B) Hyperalgesia C) Allodynia D) Acute pain |
A) Chronic pain due to nerve injury
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Your favorite aunt is seated at the table for Christmas dinner. She has a history of heart failure and is complaining about a diffuse pain around her right shoulder and throat. Your spouse is concerned about your aunt having an episode of cardiac failure. Your spouse is?
A) Always a worrying person. The signs presented are not an indication of referred pain B) Should be listened to since your aunt could be suffering not from a heart attack but from some gastric problem producing referred pain C) Should be sent to the kitchen to wash the dishes. The symptoms of your aunt are just an indication of your aunt trying to steal the show on Christmas D) Should be listened to since women do not have the same classic responses to referred pain from the heart as do men. Call 911 |
D) Should be listened to since women do not have the same classic responses to referred pain from the heart as do men
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Why do we often rub our stubbed toe or shake our finger that just received a paper cut?
A) A-beta fibers are activated and “close the gate” at the level of the spinal cord, reducing the pain B) A-delta fibers are activated and “close the gate” at the level of the spinal cord, reducing the pain C) A-beta fibers are activated and “close the gate” at the level of the cerebral cortex primarily, reducing the pain D) A-delta fibers are activated and “close the gate” at the level of the cerebral cortex, reducing the pain |
A) A-beta fibers are activated and “close the gate” at the level of the spinal cord, reducing the pain
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It is clinically observed that over time, patients with severe pain can “handle” the pain since certain chemicals are released to minimize the pain. Where does this occur?
A) The periaqueductal gray area B) The ventromedial medulla C) The periaqueductal gray area and the ventromedial medulla D) The reticular formation E) The ventromedial medulla and reticular formation |
C) The periaqueductal gray area and the ventromedial medulla
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You have a patient who suffers from bone cancer which produces excruciating pain. He is crying and is very emotional about the pain. The neurosurgeon has suggested that electrodes should be placed in the brain which when activated will get rid of the emotional response of the pain. Where should the neurosurgeon place the electrodes?
A) Amygdala B) The periaqueductal region C) The ventromedial medulla D) The reticular formation |
A) Amygdala
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You are swimming in a cold lake in Provo. Which process will take most of your body heat?
A) Radiation B) Conduction C) Convection D) Conduction and convection E) All of these are correct |
B) Conduction
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Jumping out of a cold river in Southern Utah, you are exposed to 15mph winds. Which process will take most of your body heat?
A) Convection B) Conduction C) Evaporation D) Radiation |
A) Convection
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Sitting on a cold metal park bench is an example of which heat loss process?
A) Conduction B) Convection C) Evaporation D) Radiation |
A) Conduction
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Marines are getting ready to take out their target: a town loaded with zombies. Weather conditions are 120F, 20% humidity, 20mph wind. The Marines all wear rubber suits to protect themselves from chemical weapons the zombies have. Your commanding officer wants your men to be able to stay in that environment for 4 hrs to eliminate the zombies. You tell the commander?
A) Humidity is low enough that the men can sweat to keep their core temperature normal (37C) B) Wind is fast enough to keep the men cool so that they can keep their normal core temperature (37C) C) Rubber suits will minimize the effectiveness of the wind and low humidity so that the marines cannot stay in the environment for more than an hour D) Rubber suits will maximize the sweating of the Marines and keep them cool as the sweat will not evaporate but will stay close to the skin |
C) Rubber suits will minimize the effectiveness of the wind and low humidity so that the marines cannot stay in the environment for more than an hour
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What does the hypothalamus represent?
A) Set point B) Comparator C) Receptors D) Output |
B) Comparator
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You are in charge of cold weather operation in Afghanistan. It is cold, -15F and windy, 20mph. Two of your subordinates begin to make mistakes that could destroy the entire operation. You are very upset and dressed only in your light fatigues as you yell at them both. When you get through organizing them, you notice that you are not even cold. This is due to the release of which hormone?
A) Norepinephrine B) Thyroxin C) Cortisol D) Thyroxin and Norepinephrine |
A) Norepinephrine
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The intrapleural pressure is _______ than atmospheric pressure and becomes _______ during inspiration, causing air to inflate the lungs
A) Less; even lower B) Less; higher C) Greater; even higher D) Greater; lower |
A) less; even lower
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Type II alveolar cells secrete surfactant. What is the function of surfactant?
A) It causes the alveoli to constrict during expiration B) It maintains the circular structure of the alveoli C) It causes the alveoli to expand during expiration D) Combines the pulmonary capillary to the alveoli |
B) It maintains the circular structure of the alveoli
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What lung volume/capacity is represented by “A”?
A) Residual volume B) Vital capacity C) Total lung capacity D) Tidal volume |
A) Residual volume
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Oxygen is moved across the blood-gas interface at the alveolar junction by which process?
A) Simple diffusion B) Active transport C) Secondary active transport D) All of these |
A) Simple diffusion
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The middle curve represents the oxyhemoglobin satuaration an individual with a normal blood pH of 7.40. Which curve best represents a person holding their breath?
A) Curve “B” because the acidity of the blood has increased B) Curve “B” because the acidity of the blood has decreased C) Curve “A” because the acidity of the blood has increased D) Curve “A” because the acidity of the blood has decreased |
A) Curve “B” because the acidity of the blood has increased
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The majority of carbon dioxide is transported from the tissues to the lungs by which mechanism?
A) Dissolved CO2 in the blood B) CO2 bound to hemoglobin C) Bicarbonate (HCO3-) D) Equal amounts of dissolved CO2 and bicarbonate |
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
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An increase in arterial acidity would be sensed by:
A) Aortic sinus receptors B) Aortic bodies only C) Aortic bodies and carotid bodies D) Carotid sinus receptors |
C) Aortic bodies and carotid bodies
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What is the correct sequence of action potential propagation in the heart?
A) SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibers, bundle of His B) AV node, SA node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers C) SA node, AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers D) AV node, SA node, Purkinje fibers, bundle of His |
C) SA node, AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers
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What is occurring during the P wave?
A) The ventricles depolarize and contract B) The ventricles contract C) The atria depolarizes D) The ventricles depolarize |
C) The atria depolarizes
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What is occurring during the QT interval?
A) The ventricles contract B) Systole C) The atria repolarize D) Ventricular contraction and systole E) All of these are correct |
E) All of these are correct
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What is the most important variable determining blood flow resistance?
A) Diameter of the blood vessel B) Length of the blood vessel C) Blood viscosity D) All of these are equally important |
A) Diameter of the blood vessel
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At the same level of exercise as determined by oxygen consumption both heart rate and blood pressure are:
A) Greater during arm exercise compared to leg exercise B) Greater during leg exercise compared to arm exercise C) Relatively equal when comparing leg and arm exercises D) None of these are correct |
A) Greater during arm exercise compared to leg exercise
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Pulse pressure is best defined as:
A) The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure B) The similarity between systolic and diastolic blood pressure C) The regularity between systolic and diastolic blood pressure D) The average pressure during a cardiac cycle |
A) The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure
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The term osmosis refers to which of the following?
A) Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a low solute concentration to a high solute concentration B) Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane C) Movement of a solute across a semipermeable membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration D) Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a high solute concentration to a low solute concentration E) Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane requiring ATP from a low solute concentration to a high solute concentration |
A) Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a low solute concentration to a high solute concentration
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Oxygen is reduced in the electron transport system. Where does this occur?
A) Electron transport system B) Krebs cycle to produce NADH C) Chemiosmosis D) ATP synthase activation will produce ATP |
A) Electron transport system
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You tap the tendon of your patient and the muscle attached to it contracts. A medical student claims that it was the Golgi Tendon Organ that was activated. You tell him that he is wrong since the Golgi Tendon Organ does which of the following?
A) Causes the antagonist to relax B) Causes the agonist to relax C) Causes the agonist to contract D) Has no effect on the agonist or antagonist |
B) Causes the agonist to relax
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A long distance runner finishes his marathon in 4hrs and 35min whereas the winner who is from Ethiopia finishes it in 2hrs and 30min. The long distance runner begins to whine, stating that the reason he lost was due to the fact that he did not carbo-load before the race. He’s wrong since?
A) Long distance running requires activation of primarily slow muscle units that require oxidative phosphorylation B) Long distance running requires fast fatiguable motor units that require glycolysis C) Marathon runners use aerobic respiration thus carbo loading will not have much effect D) His lack of carbo loading would make his muscles produce more lactic acid so that he would have enough energy to run the race |
C) Marathon runners use aerobic respiration thus carbo loading will not have much effect
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Which energy system requires CO2 to produce Hydrogen ions for combining with Oxygen?
A) Oxidative phosphorylation B) Glycolysis C) Creatine phosphate D) None of these |
D) None of these
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If pacemaker cells have a resting membrane potential that becomes an action potential what happens to cardiac muscle contraction?
A) It occurs in response to the number of action potentials B) It does not occur C) It contracts only when the pacemaker hyperpolarizes D) It goes into uncontrolled continuous muscle contractions |
A) It occurs in response to the number of action potentials
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Which of the following statements about venules and veins is true?
A) They have smooth muscle B) They serve as high resistance conduits C) They serve as major blood reservoir after the capillaries D) They are directly controlled by alpha motorneurons originating from the sympathetic nervous system E) They are located between arteries and capillaries |
A) They have smooth muscle
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The relationship among mean arterial blood pressure, cardiac output and total peripheral resistance is tightly controlled by various physiological controls. A patient comes into your office and talks about how he was scared by his young grandson and almost passed out. If there was an increase in sympathetic activity during his “fright” situation, which parameters would be affected?
A) Heart rate would increase and there would be no other changes B) Hear rate would increase as well as cardiac muscle contraction C) Cardiac muscle contraction and arteriolar smooth muscle contraction will both increase D) Arteriolar smooth muscle contraction, cardiac muscle contraction and sinoatrial node activity |
D) Arteriolar smooth muscle contraction, cardiac muscle contraction and SA node activity
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What two factors regulate mean arterial pressure?
A) HR and Total peripheral resistance B) Stroke volume and HR C) Stroke volume and total peripheral resistance D) Cardiac output and total peripheral resistance |
D) Cardiac output and total peripheral resistance
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Which part of the following is the first anatomical sites in which PCO2 has its highest recorded value?
A) Brain arteries B) Pulmonary veins C) Muscular veins D) Intestinal capillaries E) Pulmonary arteries |
D) Intestinal capillaries
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You have opened your practice and are welcomed by Richard Conman. He proposes that you sell an ATP rich fluid called ATP water contending that drinking the solution would enhance the vitality of your patients. The solution has oxygen bubbled into it and Richard contends that the additional oxygen will stabilize the ATP in solution. You elect not to get involved with this deal since?
A) The ATP in the ATP water will not be taken up by the alveoli but by the intestinal capillaries B) The ATP in the ATP water will only be taken up by the hemoglobin in the stomach C) None of the ATP in the ATP water will be able to be used by cells D) The ATP in the ATP water will only be used during glycolysis |
C) None of the ATP in the ATP water will be able to be used by cells
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In the case of SLE, the major theme is a sensitivity of the B and T cells to the nuclei of the cells of the host. As a consequence what occurs?
A) B cells will attack the nuclei of the host cells B) T cells will attack the nuclei of the host cells C) B and T cells recognized as antigenic the nuclei of cells D) Cause death by accumulating in the immune system of the kidneys |
C) B and T cells recognized as antigenic the nuclei of cells
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Septic shock represents a hypotensive crisis ad bacterial infection simultaneously. As a result of this disease, the physician needs to monitor a number of vital signs. Which of the following would be the most important from a clinical point of view to monitor the course of the disease and if the patient is responding?
A) Oxygen levels in the blood B) Blood pressure C) Antibody concentration in the blood D) Bacterial concentration in the blood E) Fever |
A) Oxygen levels in the blood
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Osmoreceptors are activated during thirst. For these cells to be activated which of the following must occur?
A) Blood is hypertonic relative to the osmoreceptors causing the osmoreceptor cells to expand and send action potentials to the kidney B) Blood is hypertonic relative to the osmoreceptors causing the osmoreceptor cells to shrink and send action potentials to cells that produce ADH C) Blood is hypotonic relative to the osmoreceptors causing the osmoreceptor cells to shrink and send action potentials to the kidney D) Blood is isotonic relative to the osmoreceptors causing the osmoreceptor cells to shrink ad send action potentials to the kidney. This causes the animal to anticipate being thirsty |
B) Blood is hypertonic relative to the osmoreceptors causing the osmoreceptor cells to shrink and send action potentials to cells that produce ADH
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As discussed in the echats, it is commonly observed that heart rate is more increased with upper body exercise than lower body exercise. The possible explanation is?
A) Arms get tired faster than the legs B) Arms have less blood flow/unit area than legs C) Arms have more connections to the sympathetic nervous system D) Arms have less blood supply than do the legs per unit area but depend more on glycolysis which promotes an increase in heart rate |
A) Arms get tired faster than the legs
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Where plasma bicarbonate is close to the alveoli where does it have to go first to be converted into carbon dioxide?
A) Red blood cells B) Alveoli C) White blood cells D) Pulmonary arteries |
A) Red blood cells
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If a person gets too cold so that the core temperature falls, what happens to the oxygen dissociation curve?
A) Goes to the right B) Goes to the left C) Stays the same D) Bogus question: Oxygen dissociation curve is independent of temperature |
B) Goes to left
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The chylomicron involved primarily in protein metabolism is formed where?
A) Lumen of small intestine by way of bile salts and pancreatic lipases B) Lacteal by triglyceride synthetic enzymes C) None of these answers are correct |
C) None of these are correct
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Oxyhemoglobin saturation is highest at which of the following?
A) Veins B) Capillaries C) Arteries D) Lymph |
C) Arteries
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What is the initial response to exposure to cold temperature?
A) Shivering B) Vasoconstriction C) Behavior response so the person minimizes cold exposure D) Release of adrenalin |
C) Behavior response so the person minimizes cold exposure
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A young patient has fractured his pelvis and lumbar part of the spinal cord. Based on the damage to the sacral part of the spinal cord, which would be most affected?
A) Erection B) Ejaculation C) Both erection and ejaculation D) Esophageal peristalsis |
B) Ejaculation
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In a developing country, a large number of patients suffer from an HIV brain infection in which they have violent motor responses as part of their emotional behavior. The neurosurgeons will have to ablate (cut) which area to minimize this behavior?
A) The amygdala B) The cerebral cortex C) The thalamus D) The amygdala and cerebral cortex E) Hypothalamus |
B) The cerebral cortex
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If the concentration of arterial oxygen in your patient in the hospital is normal, it should be?
A) 159 mmHg B) 116 mmHg C) 95 mmHg D) 40 mmHg |
C) 95 mmHg
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