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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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definition. cells that form major output cells with their axons reacfhign other parts of the cortex and CNS
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pyramidal cells
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this part of the brain is responsible for integrating, refining control over systems that regulate skeletal muscle, learning, reasoning, memory
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cerebral cortex
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say the divisions of the nervous system
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CNS PNS
efferent afferent ANS and somatic Symp Parasymp Enteric |
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frontal parietal temporla and occipital are all lobes of the ____ _____
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cerebral cortex
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what are the parts of the diencephalon
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hypothal thal
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this part of the brain is a collectio nfo nuclei that serve as synpatic relay stations and integrating centers for most inputs to the cerbral cortex
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thalamus
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this part of the brain regulates water balance and ANS and circadian rhythms
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hypothal
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regulates body temp
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hypothal
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this part participates in skeletal muscle control and general role in awareness and focused attention
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thalamus
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this part of the brain receives info from muscles joints skin eyes etc to control movement
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cerebellum
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what makes up the brain stem
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midbrain
pons medulla oblongata |
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what is the core of the brainstem
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reticular formation
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what doe sthe reticular formation do
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loosely arragned neuron cell bodies that are involved in motor functions, cardio control, respirs, mecfhanisms that regulate sleep wakefulness and focus attention
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definition.contain cell bodies of afferent neurons whose axon enter the spinal cord via the dorsal roots
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dorsal root ganglia
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efferent axons exit the spinal cord via the ____ _____
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ventral roots
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what is the different between somatic and autonomic
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somatic is Ach motor neurons
ANS is visceral involuntary actions |
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som or ANS. innvervates skeletal muscle
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somatic
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som. or ANS. leads to muscle excitation ONLY
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somatic
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som or ANS. indirectly innervates effector
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ANS
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what is the neurotrans of the somatic and what does it act on
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Ach on skeletal muscle
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what does the ACh of the somatic system act on (what kind of receptor)
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nicotinic
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which has cranial and sacral projections
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parasymp
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which has thoracic and lumbar projections
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symp
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in symp what is released before the ganglion
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ACh to nicotinic receptors
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in parasymp what is released at the ganglion
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ach to nicotinic
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in synmp what is released to effector
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NE and Epi to adrenergic
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in parasymp what is released to effector
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ACh to muscarinic
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a single afferent neuron with all its receptors
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sensory unit
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anotehr term for stimulus type
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modality
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sharpness or keenness of location perception
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acuity
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does greater convergencwe lead to more or less acuity
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LESS
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definition.l coded by the fact that acdtin potentials from each receptor travel along specific pathways to a specific region of the CNS associated only with that particular modality and body location
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labeled lines
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decrease in recedptor sensitivity despite a stimulsu of constant strength
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adaptation
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how do we distinguish a strong sitmulus from a weak one?
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increase freq of action potentitails in a single afferent neuron
recruitment |
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activation of adjacent receptors on ohter affernet neurons
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recruitment
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this enhances the contrast between the center and periphery of a stimulated region
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lateral inhibition
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where do the afferent messages travel through
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brainstem and thalamus to the cerebral cortex then on to somatic recpetors and corticalassociation areas
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where do ascending pathways synapse on their way to the cortex
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THALAMUS
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true or false. ascending pathways are subject ot descending controls
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TRUE
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definition. a hormone that stimulates secretion of another hormone
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tropic
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what are the three major classes of hormones
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amines
peptides and proteins steroids |
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what aa are the amine hormones derived frrom
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TYROSINE
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what are the major amine hormones and hwere are they made/secreted
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T4 T3 NE Epi DA in the thyroid adrenal and hypothal
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where is T4 T3 made
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thyroid
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where is epi and NE made
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adrenal medulla
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where is DA made
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hypothal
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how are peptide and protein hormones made int he cell
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preprohormones on ribosomes
prohormones in rough ER packaging in golgi app |
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what are the steroid hormones derived from
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cholesterol
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where are steroid hormones produced
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adrenal cortex and gonads
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zona glomerulose fasiculata and reticularis are all parts oof the
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adrenal cortex
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what is secreted by the zona glomerulosa
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aldosterone
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what is secreted by the zona fasiculata
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cortisol and androgens
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what is secreted by thte zona reticularis
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epi and NE
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the osteoid holds deposites minerals particularly the crystals of calcium and phophate known as
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hydroxyapatite
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bone is aspecial connedctive tissue consisting of cells surrounded by a collagen matric cxalled the ____
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osteoid
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definition an environmental change that must be adapted to if health and life are to be maintinaed
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stress
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hypothalamic hormones that regualte atnerior pituitary function
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hypophysiotropic hormones
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what are the posterior pituitary hormones
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oxytocin vasopressin
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this is an antidiurectic released by the posterior pituitary
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vasopressin
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how do hormones get from the hypothal to the anterior pituitary
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hypothalamo pituirtary portal vessels that ass through the median emininence
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how do hormones gets from the hypothal to the posterior
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small vesicles transported along the supraotic and paraventiricular axons
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what are the nuclei that supply the posterior pituitary
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supraoptic and paraventricular
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what are the six classical anterior hormones
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FLATPG
FSH Luteinizing ACTH TSH Prolactin GH |
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what are the effectors of the anterior
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FLATPG
F --> gonads testosteron esterdiol progesterone L--> same A--> adrenal cortex for cortisol T--> T3 T4 in thyroid P--> breast milk G--> liver IGF1 other protein synth |
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what is the three hormone sequence
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hypothal anterior effector
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what leads to inhibition of growth hormone
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SS
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what inhibits prolactin
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DA
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this loop is exerted on the naterior pituitary on the hypothal
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short loop
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what is long loop
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3rd hormone to hypothal and/or anterior pituitary
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what is the ACTH and TSH
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CRH ACTH cortisol
TRH TSH T3T4 |
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what are the funcitons of the thyroid hormones
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metabolic
permissive grotwh and development |
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what does the symp system do in stress
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glycogenolysis
breakdown of adipose decreased fatigue increased cardiac funciton diversion of blood from viscera to skeletal increased lung ventilation |
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insulin GH IGF1 estrogen tgestosterone calcitonin all favor or disfavor calcium
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FAVOR
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PTH cortisol and T4T3 all do what for calcium
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decrease it and increase bone resoprtion
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what hormones influence calcium
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pth 1,25
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what cells does insulin act on
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alpha beta delta
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what cells secrete glucagon
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alpha
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what cells secrete somatostatin
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delta
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what cells secrete insulin
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beta
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do insulin levels increase or decrease during the postabsorptive state
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decrease
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where is insulin made
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pancreas
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undifferentiated mononucleated cells that fuse into a single cylindrical multinucleated cell
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myoblast
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tick and thin
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A band
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thin only
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I band
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H zone
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thick only
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what is shortened in muscle contraction
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HI
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does the A shorten?
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no it stays the same
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what is myosin?
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thick filament which has actin binding sites and ATP binding sites
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what does calcium bind to
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tropomyosin
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what are the three functions of ATP in muscle contraction
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energize cross bridge
dissociate cross bridge energy for active transport of Ca back to SR |
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where is calcium stored
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SR
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where in the SR is calcium stored
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lateral sacs
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how does calcium get to the lateral sacs
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in by DHP receptor
ryandodine receptor cross the transverse tubule back in by ATP primary active t |
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what causes the latent period between muscle contraction
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need to release calcium
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what is the difference between isotonic and isometric contraction
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tonic tension
metric length iso same |
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why does a heavy load have a long latent period
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need recruitment
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what is represented by zero shortening velocity?
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big load so isometric contracgtion
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what are the three types of skeletal muscle fibers?
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slow ox
fast ox fast glyc |
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does IIb have mitochondria? capillaries? myoglobin? ATPase activity?
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no no no YES lots of high atpase activity
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what are the biggest type of fibers
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IIb
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in smooth muscle thin filaments are anchored to either the plasma memb rane or cytoplasmic structures known as ____ ____
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dense bodies
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does smooth muscle use sliding filalments?
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yes
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is tropomyosin present in smooth muscle? troponin?
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YES NO
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how does calcium in smooth muscle work (and as opposed to in skeletal)
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calmodulin system
light chain kinase uses ATP to phosphorylate myosin cross bridges as opposed to skeltal no T tbubules and no conformational change |
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what inputs influce smooth muslce
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electrical
neurotrans hormones chemical compn stretch |
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what are the two types of smooth muscle
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single
multi unit |
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compare single and multiunit
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synchronized gap nerves hormones smooth muscles of the GI uterus and small blood vessels
NO gaps independent resonse ANS lungs aiways large arteries |
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similarities of cardiac and smooth
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gap arrangement in hollow cavities single nucleus
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similarties of cardiac and skeletal
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striated troponin and topomyosin and t tubules
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structures that join adjacent cardiac muscle cells end to end. these disk are desmosomes that hold the cells together and attach to myofibrils
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intercalated disks
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describe excitation contraction coupling in cardiac muscle
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L type calcium channels
ryandodine receptors in SR ATPase activity to put calcium back |
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how is cardiac calcium different than skeletal
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ryanodine receptors in the cardiac SR are opened by the binding of calcium
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