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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is homeostasis
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the process by which an organism maintains a relatively constant internal conditions necessary for life via the use of homeostatic control systems in the face of changing external control systems
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what is physiology
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integrated study of how living things work that attempts to define the mechanical physical and biomechanical that are resposible for origin and development of life
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what is dynamic constancy
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a given variable can fluctuate greatly over time, but will be relatively constant when averaged ver th elong term
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what are the four major categories of cells/tissues
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muscle
nerve epithelial connective |
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what are the internal fluid compartments and the relative water content of each
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2/3 intracellular
1/3 extracellular plasma 20 interstitial 80 |
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deifnition a biological control system linking stimulus with response
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reflex
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a biological control system linking stimulus with response is mediated by a ___ ____
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reflex arc
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definition includes receptor afferent and efferent pathways integrating centers and effectors
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reflex arc
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definition signal reaches neighboring cells via the ISF
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paracrine
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definition. signal affects the cell that synthesized the signal
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autocrine
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what are two pathways involving paracrine agents
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hormones nerves and lcoal cells
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what are the five generalization about homeostatic control systems
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FISHD
feedback input/output balance setpoint hierarchy dynamic |
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what are the four categories or chemical messengers
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PANE
paracrine autocrine neurostrans endocrine |
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which part of negative feedback "does the work"
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effectgor
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which part of PANE is intracellular messengers
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PEN
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what are the four main plasma membrane fucntions
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LADR
Link cells by membrane junctions anchor cells to extracell matrix detect cjemical messangers at surface regulate passage |
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what are the three types of membrane junctions
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tight
gap desmosome |
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what are three types of channel gating
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ligand
voltage ion |
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small molecules and lipid soluble moecuels undergo ____ diffusion
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simple
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glucose undergoes ____ diffusion
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facilitated
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which type of junction allows for communication and coordination
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gap
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skin is an example of what type of junction
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tight
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K and Na go what directions and how many
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3 na OUT AGAINST their gradient
2 K IN AGAINST their gradient this sets up the - internal environmnent |
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in secondary active trasnport does sodium go with or against its gradient
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with
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in secondary active transport does the other molecule go with or against its gradient
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AGAINST
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does secondary active transport use energy
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YES Na but NOT ATP
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amino acids use what type of transport/diffusion
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secondary active
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ions such as Na K Ca and H not only use diffusion but also ...
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primary active transport
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what are the three types of channel gating
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voltage
mechanical ligand |
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what is the GI nervous system called
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enteric nervous system
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what ar ethe two parts of the enteric nervous system
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mysenteri
submucosal |
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which plexis is smooth muscle activities and which is secretory activities
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mysenteric smooth
submucosal secretory |
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what are the four main functions of the digestive system
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DAMS
digestion absorption motility secretion |
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via what transport does na get from the epithelial cell to the blood side
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primary active transport
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how can sodium get from the lumen side to the epithelial cell
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facilitated diffusion or secondary active transport
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what does water do during all this
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follows sodium back into the bloo side via diffusion and tight junctions
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what does the mouth secrete
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saliva DAMD
digest antibacterial moisten and lubricate dissolve |
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what does the stomach secrete and how does it helop
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pepsinogen reacts with HCl to form pepsin which partially digests proteins adn polysaccharides
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what does the small intestine do in digestion
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major site of absorption where lots of other enzymes enter from the pandreas and liver and gall bladder
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what does the pancrease secrete
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pancreatic amylase for starch
trypsin and cymotrypsin for proteins to peptides carboxypeptiadase for proteins to aa lipase for triglyc to mono glyc +2fa bicarb ions colipase |
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what does the liver secret
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bile bicarb ions cholesterol phospholipids bile pigments and bile salts
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what does the gall bladder do
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concentrates bile
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____ ____ and ________ convert large fat globules into smaller pieces with polar surfaces that inhibig reaggregation
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bile salts and phospholipids
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small droplets of fat turn into
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micelles
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micelles turn into
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fa and monoglycerides
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fa and monoglyc turn into
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chytomicron assemble
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chytomicron assembly leads to
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distribution and processing
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what organs are involve din fat digestion
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NOT the stomach
small intestine is site of emuls pancreatic and liver's colipase are involved in emulsification |
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acid production is done by the _____ cells in te stomach and depends on the generation of ____ _____
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parietal
carbonic acid |
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how do the hydrogen ions get to the gastric lumen
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primary active transport
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what does each do
gastrin Ach histamine somatostatin |
gastric hormone
neurotrans paracrine agent paracrine agent |
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what is another name for chemical messenger
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ligand
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what is regulated by receptor mediated endocytosis
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down regulation
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what does down regulation lead to
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desensitization
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this occurs naturally with closely related messengers and underlies the action of many drugs
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competition
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saturation always occurs because of
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finite receptors
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in a ligand gated ion channel the ligand binds opening the ion channel and a chagne in ____ occurs just before the cell response
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increase in cytosolic calcium
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what are the five responses of signal transduction pathways
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PMSPC
permeability metabolism secretory activity proliferation and differentiation contractile activigty |
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lipid soluble messengers are importand with changes in _____ _____
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gene expression
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this messenger system promots or inhibits transcription of mRNA and utltimately protein shyntehsis that regulates cell behavior or gene expression
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lipid soluble messengers
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in G proteins the effector elicits what two responses
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second messengers and change in membrane potential
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what receptors funcitona s enzymes
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tyrosine kinase
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in tyrosine kinases phosphorylation occurs that influence proliferation and differentiaition
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tyrosine kinase
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in which receptor is the thing directly attached
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tyrosine kinawse
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what apthway leads to autophosphorylation
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tyrosine kindse
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what does a JAK kinase which is attached under the receptor lead to
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phosphorylation
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what are the two main effectors in G proteins
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adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C
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in adenylyl cyclase what is the result
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cAMP is involved which phophorylates a protein
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describe the phospholipawse C pathway
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PIP2 to IP3 + DAG IP3 goes to ER to increase Ca and DAG goes to activate protein kinase C and phophorylate a protein
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how are signals amplified
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second messenger systems
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what happens when the Ca level is raised by G proteins
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calcium calmodulin system where eventually a protein is phosphorylated
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