Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what is homeostasis
|
the process by which an organism maintains a relatively constant internal conditions necessary for life via the use of homeostatic control systems in the face of changing external control systems
|
|
|
what is physiology
|
integrated study of how living things work that attempts to define the mechanical physical and biomechanical that are resposible for origin and development of life
|
|
|
what is dynamic constancy
|
a given variable can fluctuate greatly over time, but will be relatively constant when averaged ver th elong term
|
|
|
what are the four major categories of cells/tissues
|
muscle
nerve epithelial connective |
|
|
what are the internal fluid compartments and the relative water content of each
|
2/3 intracellular
1/3 extracellular plasma 20 interstitial 80 |
|
|
deifnition a biological control system linking stimulus with response
|
reflex
|
|
|
a biological control system linking stimulus with response is mediated by a ___ ____
|
reflex arc
|
|
|
definition includes receptor afferent and efferent pathways integrating centers and effectors
|
reflex arc
|
|
|
definition signal reaches neighboring cells via the ISF
|
paracrine
|
|
|
definition. signal affects the cell that synthesized the signal
|
autocrine
|
|
|
what are two pathways involving paracrine agents
|
hormones nerves and lcoal cells
|
|
|
what are the five generalization about homeostatic control systems
|
FISHD
feedback input/output balance setpoint hierarchy dynamic |
|
|
what are the four categories or chemical messengers
|
PANE
paracrine autocrine neurostrans endocrine |
|
|
which part of negative feedback "does the work"
|
effectgor
|
|
|
which part of PANE is intracellular messengers
|
PEN
|
|
|
what are the four main plasma membrane fucntions
|
LADR
Link cells by membrane junctions anchor cells to extracell matrix detect cjemical messangers at surface regulate passage |
|
|
what are the three types of membrane junctions
|
tight
gap desmosome |
|
|
what are three types of channel gating
|
ligand
voltage ion |
|
|
small molecules and lipid soluble moecuels undergo ____ diffusion
|
simple
|
|
|
glucose undergoes ____ diffusion
|
facilitated
|
|
|
which type of junction allows for communication and coordination
|
gap
|
|
|
skin is an example of what type of junction
|
tight
|
|
|
K and Na go what directions and how many
|
3 na OUT AGAINST their gradient
2 K IN AGAINST their gradient this sets up the - internal environmnent |
|
|
in secondary active trasnport does sodium go with or against its gradient
|
with
|
|
|
in secondary active transport does the other molecule go with or against its gradient
|
AGAINST
|
|
|
does secondary active transport use energy
|
YES Na but NOT ATP
|
|
|
amino acids use what type of transport/diffusion
|
secondary active
|
|
|
ions such as Na K Ca and H not only use diffusion but also ...
|
primary active transport
|
|
|
what are the three types of channel gating
|
voltage
mechanical ligand |
|
|
what is the GI nervous system called
|
enteric nervous system
|
|
|
what ar ethe two parts of the enteric nervous system
|
mysenteri
submucosal |
|
|
which plexis is smooth muscle activities and which is secretory activities
|
mysenteric smooth
submucosal secretory |
|
|
what are the four main functions of the digestive system
|
DAMS
digestion absorption motility secretion |
|
|
via what transport does na get from the epithelial cell to the blood side
|
primary active transport
|
|
|
how can sodium get from the lumen side to the epithelial cell
|
facilitated diffusion or secondary active transport
|
|
|
what does water do during all this
|
follows sodium back into the bloo side via diffusion and tight junctions
|
|
|
what does the mouth secrete
|
saliva DAMD
digest antibacterial moisten and lubricate dissolve |
|
|
what does the stomach secrete and how does it helop
|
pepsinogen reacts with HCl to form pepsin which partially digests proteins adn polysaccharides
|
|
|
what does the small intestine do in digestion
|
major site of absorption where lots of other enzymes enter from the pandreas and liver and gall bladder
|
|
|
what does the pancrease secrete
|
pancreatic amylase for starch
trypsin and cymotrypsin for proteins to peptides carboxypeptiadase for proteins to aa lipase for triglyc to mono glyc +2fa bicarb ions colipase |
|
|
what does the liver secret
|
bile bicarb ions cholesterol phospholipids bile pigments and bile salts
|
|
|
what does the gall bladder do
|
concentrates bile
|
|
|
____ ____ and ________ convert large fat globules into smaller pieces with polar surfaces that inhibig reaggregation
|
bile salts and phospholipids
|
|
|
small droplets of fat turn into
|
micelles
|
|
|
micelles turn into
|
fa and monoglycerides
|
|
|
fa and monoglyc turn into
|
chytomicron assemble
|
|
|
chytomicron assembly leads to
|
distribution and processing
|
|
|
what organs are involve din fat digestion
|
NOT the stomach
small intestine is site of emuls pancreatic and liver's colipase are involved in emulsification |
|
|
acid production is done by the _____ cells in te stomach and depends on the generation of ____ _____
|
parietal
carbonic acid |
|
|
how do the hydrogen ions get to the gastric lumen
|
primary active transport
|
|
|
what does each do
gastrin Ach histamine somatostatin |
gastric hormone
neurotrans paracrine agent paracrine agent |
|
|
what is another name for chemical messenger
|
ligand
|
|
|
what is regulated by receptor mediated endocytosis
|
down regulation
|
|
|
what does down regulation lead to
|
desensitization
|
|
|
this occurs naturally with closely related messengers and underlies the action of many drugs
|
competition
|
|
|
saturation always occurs because of
|
finite receptors
|
|
|
in a ligand gated ion channel the ligand binds opening the ion channel and a chagne in ____ occurs just before the cell response
|
increase in cytosolic calcium
|
|
|
what are the five responses of signal transduction pathways
|
PMSPC
permeability metabolism secretory activity proliferation and differentiation contractile activigty |
|
|
lipid soluble messengers are importand with changes in _____ _____
|
gene expression
|
|
|
this messenger system promots or inhibits transcription of mRNA and utltimately protein shyntehsis that regulates cell behavior or gene expression
|
lipid soluble messengers
|
|
|
in G proteins the effector elicits what two responses
|
second messengers and change in membrane potential
|
|
|
what receptors funcitona s enzymes
|
tyrosine kinase
|
|
|
in tyrosine kinases phosphorylation occurs that influence proliferation and differentiaition
|
tyrosine kinase
|
|
|
in which receptor is the thing directly attached
|
tyrosine kinawse
|
|
|
what apthway leads to autophosphorylation
|
tyrosine kindse
|
|
|
what does a JAK kinase which is attached under the receptor lead to
|
phosphorylation
|
|
|
what are the two main effectors in G proteins
|
adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C
|
|
|
in adenylyl cyclase what is the result
|
cAMP is involved which phophorylates a protein
|
|
|
describe the phospholipawse C pathway
|
PIP2 to IP3 + DAG IP3 goes to ER to increase Ca and DAG goes to activate protein kinase C and phophorylate a protein
|
|
|
how are signals amplified
|
second messenger systems
|
|
|
what happens when the Ca level is raised by G proteins
|
calcium calmodulin system where eventually a protein is phosphorylated
|
