Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What houses stem cells for the production of new villus epithelial cells?
|
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
|
|
|
What secretes HCl?
|
parietal cells
|
|
|
What secretes pepsinogen?
|
cheif cells
|
|
|
What secretes intrinsic factor?
|
parietal cells
|
|
|
What secretes gastrin?
|
G cells
|
|
|
Where is fat digestion completed?
|
intracellularly in the small intestine brush border
|
|
|
Where is carbohydrate digestion completed?
|
intracellularly in the small intestine brush border
|
|
|
Where is carbohydrate digestion begun?
|
in the mouth
|
|
|
Where is protein digestion begun?
|
in the stomach
|
|
|
Where is fat digestion begun?
|
in the small intestine lumen
|
|
|
Where is protein digestion completed?
|
intracellularly in the small intestine brush border
|
|
|
What gastric enzyme digests protein?
|
pepsin(ogen)
|
|
|
What pancreatic enzyme digests carbohydrate?
|
trypsin(ogen)
|
|
|
What is secreted by the salivary glands?
|
amylase
|
|
|
What is activated by HCI?
|
pesin(ogen)
|
|
|
What enzyme digests fat?
|
lipase
|
|
|
What pancreatic enzyme that digests protein?
|
trypsin(ogen)
|
|
|
What is activated by enterokinase?
|
trypsin(ogen)
|
|
|
What is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder?
|
bile salts
|
|
|
T/F Parasympathetic stimulation exerts a dominant role in salivary secretion and produces a prompt and abundant flow of watery saliva rich in enzymes.
|
True
|
|
|
T/F Sympathetic stimulation inhibits salivar secretion.
|
True
|
|
|
T/F The epiglottis opens the glottis during the swallowing reflex.
|
False
|
|
|
T/F The large intestine consists of the doudenum, jejunum, and ileum.
|
False
|
|
|
T/F After the food has been chewed and mixed with salivary secretion, it is referred to as chyme.
|
False
|
|
|
What is the terminal portion of the colon?
|
sigmoid
|
|
|
Epithelial cells are continually being shed from the villi because
|
new cells are continually being proudced in the cyrpts at the base of the villi and migrate upward
|
|
|
During the oropharyngeal phase of swallowing, food is prevented from
|
none of these answers
|
|
|
During vomiting
|
both the diaphragm and the abdominal muscles contract
|
|
|
Proteins are primarily digested to and absorbed as
|
amino acids
|
|
|
Fats are digested to
|
fatty acids and glycerol
|
|
|
A woman begins to choke and has trouble breathing. What is happening?
|
During the oropharyngeal stage of swallowing, the bolus of food trapped the epiglottis shut over the trachea, preventing breathing. During swallowing, the epiglottis covers the trachea so that food does not enter but goes into the esophagus. Since the woman was laughing, it was easier for the food to get caught and prevent breathing.
|
|
|
What is the levels of organization represented in the body?
|
1) atom
2) molecule 3) cell 4) tissue 5) organ 6) body system 7) organism (the whole body) |
|
|
What are the basic functions of the cell? (8 functions)
|
1) obtain food and oxygen
2) perform chemical reactions to provide energy 3) eliminates carbon dioxide and wastes 4) synthesizes proteins and cell components 5) controls exchanges of materials 6) moves materials 7) sensitive responses to enviromental changes 8) reproduction |
|
|
What are the eleven body systems?
|
1) circulatory
2) digestive 3) respiratory 4) urinary) 5) skeletal 6) muscular 7) integumentary 8) immune 9) nervous 10) endocrine 11) reproductive |
|
|
What is homeostasis?
|
It is a dynamic steady state of the internal environment; it is essential for the survival of each cell
|
|
|
How does the circulatory system contribute to homeostasis?
|
it transports materials
|
|
|
How does the digestive system contribute to homeostasis?
|
it breaks dietary food into small nuterient molecules; eliminates undigested food residues
|
|
|
How does the respiratory system contribute to homeostasis?
|
it obtains oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide; maintains proper pH of the internal environment
|
|
|
How does the urinary system contribute to homeostasis?
|
it removes and eliminates wastes from the plasma
|
|
|
How does the skeletal system contribute to homeostasis?
|
it provides support and protection for soft tissues and organs, stores calcium, and produces RBCs in the marrow
|
|
|
How does the muscular system contribute to homeostasis?
|
it allows movement of the skeletal system and generates heat
|
|
|
What does the integumentary system contribute to homeostasis?
|
it serves as an outer protective barrier
|
|
|
What does the immune system contribute to homeostasis?
|
It defends against foreign invaders and repairs injured cells
|
|
|
What does the nervous system contribute to homeostasis?
|
it controls and coordinates activities rapidly and higher functions like memory
|
|
|
What does the muscular system contribute to homeostasis?
|
it allows movement of the skeletal system and generates heat
|
|
|
What does the integumentary system contribute to homeostasis?
|
it serves as an outer protective barrier
|
|
|
What does the immune system contribute to homeostasis?
|
it defends against foreign invaders and repairs injured cells
|
|
|
What does the nervous system contribute to homeostasis?
|
it controls and coordinates acitives such as memory
|
|
|
What does the endocrine system contribute to homeostasis?
|
it regulates activities that require duration (such as growth)
|
|
|
What does the reproductive system contribute to homeostasis?
|
It perpetuates the species
|
|
|
What does homeostatic control systems operate on?
|
primarily negative feedback
|
|
|
What is positive feedback?
|
it is a feedback mechanism that operates by amplifying teh change of the variable in the direction of the original change
|
|
|
What is an example of positive feedback?
|
childbirth
|
|
|
What is DNA?
|
DNA is a large molecule complosed of nucleotides arranged in two long, paired strands that spiral around one another to form a double helix. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine) deoxyribose and a phosphate group.
|
|
|
What is the nucleus and what is its function?
|
The nucleus is the largest single organized cell component, covered in a double-layered membrane. It contains DNA and specialized proteins for directing the synthesis of specific proteins. DNA codes for the synthesis and is the genetic blueprint that is unique to each individual.
|
|
|
What are the three types of RNA?
|
1) messenger RNA
2) ribosomal RNA 3) transfer RNA |
|
|
What does messenger RNA do?
|
DNA's genetic code is transcribed into a messenger RNA molecule, which exits the nucleus through the nuclear pores. Within the cytoplasm, messenger RNA elivers the coded message to ribosomal RNA.
|
|
|
What does ribosomal RNA do?
|
It reads the code and translates it into the appropraite amino acid sequence for the designated proteins being synthesized.
|
|
|
What does transfer RNA do?
|
It transfers the appropriate amino acids within the cytoplasm to their designated site in the protein under construction.
|
|
|
What are the six types of organelles?
|
1) endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough)
2) golgi complex 3) lysosomes 4) peroxisomes 5) mitochondria 6) vaults |
|
|
What does the rough ER do?
|
It synthesizes and releases new proteins into the ER lumen. The rough ER is most abundant in cells specialized for protein synthesis (like a developing egg)
|
|
|
What does smooth ER do?
|
It has no ribosomes, but it packages new proteins in transport vesicles. Muscle cells have an abundance of modified smooth ER (sarcoplasmic reticulum) which stores caclium for muscle contractions.
|
|
|
What does the golgi complex do?
|
It recieves proteins and lipids manufactured by the rough ER and transported by the smooth ER and modifies, packages, and distributes products for secretion.
|
|
|
What does the mitochondria do?
|
It extracts energy from nutrients and generates 90% of the energy in our bodies. It plays a major role in generating ATP. It is the powerhouse of the cel.
|
|
|
What are the two parts of the mitochondria?
|
The outer membrane is the matrix and the inner membrane is the cristae.
|
|
|
Where does the electron transport chain occur?
|
In the cristae
|
|
|
Where does the citric acid cycle occur?
|
In the matrix
|
|
|
Where does glycolysis occur?
|
In the cytosol
|
|
|
What are the three processes that generate ATP?
|
1) glycolysis
2) citric acid cycle 3) electron transport chain |
|
|
What are the four components of a phospholipid?
|
1) choline
2) phosphate 3) glycerol 4) fatty acid tails |
|
|
What are the relationships between water and the heads and tails of the phospholipids?
|
The heads are hydrophilic and the tails are hydrophobic.
|
|
|
What are the three components of the plasma membrane?
|
1) carbohydrates
2) proteins 3) lipids |
|
|
What are the three components of the cell?
|
1) nucleus
2) plasma membrane 3) cytoplasm |
|
|
What are the functions of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?
|
fluidity
|
|
|
What is the function of the proteins in the plasma membrane?
|
They are a passageway.
They are carrier molecules. They are docking marker acceptors. They are membrane bound enzymes that control chemical reactions. They are receptor sites ; they recognize "self". They are cell adhesion molecules. |
|
|
What is the function of the carbohydrates in the plasma membrane?
|
They link with other carbs to provides boundaries but also to stimulate growth.
They recognize "self" and have identity markers. |
|
|
What are the three types of specialized cell functions?
|
1) desmosome
2) tight 3) gap |
|
|
What are desmosomes?
|
They are adhering junctions. They are abundant in stretching tissues such as cardiac, skin, or uteral.
|
|
|
What are tight junctions?
|
Tight junctions are impermeable junctions. They are found in epithelial tissue. They have kiss sites and strands of junctional proteins.
|
|
|
What are gap junctions?
|
They are communicating junctions. They are formed by connexons. Only ions and small molecules pass through--not large molecules. They are abundant in heart and smooth muscle.
|
|
|
What are the four types of tissue?
|
1) epithelial
2) connective 3) nervous 4) muscular |
|
|
What are the four types of connective tissue?
|
1) blood
2) bone 3) cartilage 4) connective tissue proper |
|
|
What do you know about diffusion?
|
It depends on random movement of molecules. By net difusion, molecules move down their concentration gradient steadily. Substances pass through bilayer or channels. No energy is REQUIRED for diffusion.
|
|
|
What is a concentration or chemical gradient?
|
It is the difference in concentration between two adjacent areas
|
|
|
What is facilitated diffusion?
|
it moves with the concentration gradient
|
|
|
What is active transport?
|
it moves against the concentration gradient, thus requiring ATP
|
|
|
What is unassisted membrane transport?
|
paricles can permeate the membrane passively and diffuse down their concentration gradient
|
|
|
What is net diffusion?
|
the differnce between two opposing movements. If 10 molecules move from area A to area B while 2 mocules move from area B to area A, there is a net diffusion of 8 molecules.
|
|
|
What is osmosis?
|
it is the net diffusion of water down its own concentration gradient
|
|
|
What is tonicity (of a solution)?
|
tonicity of a solution is the effect the solution has on cell volume--whether the cell remains the same size, swells, or shrinks
|
|
|
What would an isotonic solution do to a cell?
|
it would keep the cell the same size
|
|
|
What would a hypertonic solution do to a cell?
|
it would shrink the cell
|
|
|
What does hypotonic solution do to a cell?
|
it swells the cell
|
|
|
What does the Na+ and K+ pump use to drive the exchange of the materials against their concentration gradients?
|
The active transport pump uses ATP, phosphorylation, and ephosphorylation.
|
|
|
Na+ is found in higher concentrations in the....
|
extracellular fluid (outside)
|
|
|
K+ is found in higher concentrations in the....
|
intracellular fluid (inside)
|
|
|
Describe the changes in membrane potential.
|
Polarization: any charge besides 0 mV
Depolarization: any charge less negative than -70 mV (-60 mV) Repolarization: The membrane returns to resting potential. -70 mV Hyperpolarization: a change in potential hat makes the charge more negative (-80 mV) Resting potential: back to -70 mV |
|
|
Describe the four different zones of the action potential.
|
1) input zone: dendrites and cell bodies (incoming signals are recieved)
2) trigger zone: axon hillock (action potentials are initated) 3) conducting zone: axon (conducts action potentials; all-or-none) 4) output zone: axon terminals (releases a neurotransmitter that influences other cells) |
|
|
What are the four steps of an action potential?
|
1) binding
2) power stroke 3) detachment 4) binding |
|
|
What are the parts of the spine from the top to the bottom?
|
cervical
thoracic lumbar sacral coccygeal |
|
|
The white matter of the spinal cord...
|
consists of tracts for vertical relay
|
|
|
Ascending tracts range through the entire CNS and...
|
send signals from the cord up through regions of the brain
|
|
|
Descending tracts range through the entire CNS and...
|
send signals away from higher brain centers down through the cord
|
|
|
ATP is generated three ways for muscle contractions...
|
creatine phosphate plus ADP
glycolysis oxidative phosphorylation |
|
|
What is the function of IgM?
|
B cell surface receptor for antigen attachment
|
|
|
What is the function of IgG?
|
most abundant antibody
|
|
|
What is the function of IgE?
|
protects against parasitic worms and allergies
|
|
|
What is the function of IgA?
|
found in digestive, respiratory, and genitourinary secretions
|
|
|
What is the function of IgD?
|
on the surface of B cells
|
