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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Found in collecting duct and tubular compartment of nephron and mediates collecting duct's influence on Na and K:
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principal cells
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Buffy coat consists of:
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leukocytes and plasma
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What makes up formed elements:
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erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
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The main plasma proteins:
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albumin, globulin, fibrinogen
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Supplies 15% of the buffering capacity of the blood:
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albumin
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Transporter of thyroid, adrenocorticoid, gonadal, and other hormones:
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albumin and globulin
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Where is essentially all albumin and fibrinogen and 50-80% of globuin formed:
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liver
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Edema is caused by an (increase or decrease) of plasma protein concentration:
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decrease (lowers oncotic pressure)
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Committed cells become:
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progenitor cells (which differentiate into various types)
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Immature, undifferentiated, multipotent cells:
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progenitor
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Two major types of WBCs:
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granulocytes, agranulocytes
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This breaks down fibrin:
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plasmin
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Natural enzyme that converts plasminogen to plasmin:
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kallikrein
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Purpose of type II alveolar cell:
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secrete surfactant
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P1V1 = P2V2
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Boye's law
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The sum of risidual volume and expiratory reserve volume
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functional residual capacity
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Each gas has it's own partial pressure (law)
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Dalton's Law
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Gas dissolves in liquid in proportion to partial pressure and solubility coefficient (law)
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Henry's Law
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This effect states how pH affects the binding of O2 to Hb:
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Bohr effect
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This is secreted by the juxtoglomerular cells of the kidney:
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renin
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The kidney as an endocrine gland secretes what two hormones:
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renin, erythropoeitin
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Renin is released in response to:
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low BP
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Glomerulus + Bowman's capsule:
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Renal corpuscle
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Straight arteries taht descend from cortex to medulla and surround the loop of Henle:
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vasa recta
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Part of kidney where blood vessels and nerves enter:
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hilum
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Tubular reabsorption occurs mainly in the ____ and the tubular secretion occurs mainly in the _____
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PCT, DCT
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The PCT drains into the ____________ and the Loop of Henle drains into the _______.
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peritubular capillaries, vasa recta
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The normal amount of filtrate formed by the kidneys:
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125ml/min or 180L/day
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Na+ - K+ - 2CL-- symporter mechanism is essential in what system and what drug affects this symporter
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countercurrent multiplier system, Lasix
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This makes collecting ducts more permeable to H2O; water is drawn out the the result is concentrated urine
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ADH
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These work on Na+ and Cl- carriers in the the DCT:
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2nd class, thiozide diuretics
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Two mechanisms that work to maintain GFR at 125ml/min:
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myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback
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These cells line the DCT and sense increases in rate of filtrate flow and release vasocontrictor substance on afferent arterioles:
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macula densa
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These cells sense NaCl in DCT and secrete vasopressor:
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macula densa
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When liver, thymus, and spleen resume their hemtopoiesis function if necessary and this may occur in diseases where bone marrow is destroyed:
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extramedullary hematopoiesis
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Multilobed nuclei: involved in inflammatory and allergic reactions
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granulocytes
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Provide powerful defense against viral, bacterial and parasitic infections. Enter tissues and become macrophages (such as Kupffer cells of liver)
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agranulocytes
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monocytes and lymphoctes are what types of cells:
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agranulocytes
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Dark colored, large quantities can cause dusky discoloration of skin resembling cyanosis and can be caused by blood exposed to various drugs and oxidizing agents (ferrous iron is converted to ferric iron)
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methemoglobin
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These are not really cells, they are fragments of cells and don't have a nucleus or organelles and have average life span of 7-8 days:
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platelets/thrombocytes
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Platelets/thrombocytes are split from these huge cells in bone marrow called:
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megakaryocytes
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What are the three phases of hemostasis:
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1) vasoconstrictive/vascular spasm, 2) platelet plug, 3) coagulation phase
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Endothelin from endothelial cells and serotonin from platelets trigger this:
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vasoconstrictive/vascular spasm phase
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These clotting factors require Vit K:
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2,7,9,10
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The extrinsic pathway of the blood clotting cascade requires:
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tissue factor, TF (thromboplastin (factor III)) and this is activated by factor VII
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This inhbits thrombin:
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heparin
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This interferes with the action of Vit K in coagulation:
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coumadin/dicumarol/warfarin
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Prevents platelets from sticking together:
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aspirin
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Bind up Ca and used for collected blood:
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Citrate/Oxalate
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Damage to brain in infants caused by elevated levels of biliruin (can be a result of Rh incompatibility and causes hemolysis of fetal RBCs)
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kernicterus
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What is this lipid: dipalmitoylphosphatidy-choline (DPPC)
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makes up the pulmonary surfactant
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What occurs if ventilation in alveolus is reduced relative to perfusion:
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pO2 in alveolus falls and CO2 rises
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What occurs if perfusion is reduced relative to ventilation:
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alveolar pCO2 falls
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what occurs if ventilation decreases:
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pO2 decreases (less O2 delivered)
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what occurs if perfusion decreases:
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pCO2 decreases (less CO2 delivered and O2 rises because less enters blood)
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this makes up 1/3 of tidal volume:
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anatomical dead space
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this is the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume:
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vital capacity
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What does increased pCO2 do to CO2 binding to Hb:
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decreases it (it increases unloading)
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What does increased pO2 do to O2 binding to Hb
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increases it
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Which way does lower ph shift the oxy-Hb curve:
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to the right
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high CO2, low pH, and increased temps encourage:
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O2 unloading
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complete deprivation of O2
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anoxia
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low pO2
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apoxemia
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70% of CO2 is transported as:
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bicarbonate ions
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In internal respiration, hypertonic plasma can occur if too many bicarbs leave, this is counterbalanced by:
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chloride shift
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Its major function is to control the basic rhythm of breathing:
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medullary rhythmicity center
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the medullary rhythmicity center contains what major collection of neurons:
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dorsal respiratory group
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This enfluences the dorsal respiratory group to increase respiratory rate and decrease depth of breathing:
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pneumotaxic center
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This enfluences the dorsal respiratory groups to decrease RR and increase depth of breathing:
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apneustic center
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CO2 in converted to H via this enzyme:
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carbonic anhydrase
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What influences the primary drive to breath:
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elevation of CO2 levels
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Severe exercise, exposure to cold and loss of carbohydrates (vomiting) can result in this being present in urine:
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ketones
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The most common cause of finding this is the uring is a bacterial infection
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leukocytes esterase
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this test can identify many UTIs
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nitrite
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this is normally found in the urine in low concentrations and high levels can indicate hepatitis and cirrhosis and low levels can indicate hepatic or biliary obstruction
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urobilinogen
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