Physiology Final

Front 1

Found in collecting duct and tubular compartment of nephron and mediates collecting duct's influence on Na and K:

Back 1

principal cells

Front 2

Buffy coat consists of:

Back 2

leukocytes and plasma

Front 3

What makes up formed elements:

Back 3

erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

Front 4

The main plasma proteins:

Back 4

albumin, globulin, fibrinogen

Front 5

Supplies 15% of the buffering capacity of the blood:

Back 5

albumin

Front 6

Transporter of thyroid, adrenocorticoid, gonadal, and other hormones:

Back 6

albumin and globulin

Front 7

Where is essentially all albumin and fibrinogen and 50-80% of globuin formed:

Back 7

liver

Front 8

Edema is caused by an (increase or decrease) of plasma protein concentration:

Back 8

decrease (lowers oncotic pressure)

Front 9

Committed cells become:

Back 9

progenitor cells (which differentiate into various types)

Front 10

Immature, undifferentiated, multipotent cells:

Back 10

progenitor

Front 11

Two major types of WBCs:

Back 11

granulocytes, agranulocytes

Front 12

This breaks down fibrin:

Back 12

plasmin

Front 13

Natural enzyme that converts plasminogen to plasmin:

Back 13

kallikrein

Front 14

Purpose of type II alveolar cell:

Back 14

secrete surfactant

Front 15

P1V1 = P2V2

Back 15

Boye's law

Front 16

The sum of risidual volume and expiratory reserve volume

Back 16

functional residual capacity

Front 17

Each gas has it's own partial pressure (law)

Back 17

Dalton's Law

Front 18

Gas dissolves in liquid in proportion to partial pressure and solubility coefficient (law)

Back 18

Henry's Law

Front 19

This effect states how pH affects the binding of O2 to Hb:

Back 19

Bohr effect

Front 20

This is secreted by the juxtoglomerular cells of the kidney:

Back 20

renin

Front 21

The kidney as an endocrine gland secretes what two hormones:

Back 21

renin, erythropoeitin

Front 22

Renin is released in response to:

Back 22

low BP

Front 23

Glomerulus + Bowman's capsule:

Back 23

Renal corpuscle

Front 24

Straight arteries taht descend from cortex to medulla and surround the loop of Henle:

Back 24

vasa recta

Front 25

Part of kidney where blood vessels and nerves enter:

Back 25

hilum

Front 26

Tubular reabsorption occurs mainly in the ____ and the tubular secretion occurs mainly in the _____

Back 26

PCT, DCT

Front 27

The PCT drains into the ____________ and the Loop of Henle drains into the _______.

Back 27

peritubular capillaries, vasa recta

Front 28

The normal amount of filtrate formed by the kidneys:

Back 28

125ml/min or 180L/day

Front 29

Na+ - K+ - 2CL-- symporter mechanism is essential in what system and what drug affects this symporter

Back 29

countercurrent multiplier system, Lasix

Front 30

This makes collecting ducts more permeable to H2O; water is drawn out the the result is concentrated urine

Back 30

ADH

Front 31

These work on Na+ and Cl- carriers in the the DCT:

Back 31

2nd class, thiozide diuretics

Front 32

Two mechanisms that work to maintain GFR at 125ml/min:

Back 32

myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback

Front 33

These cells line the DCT and sense increases in rate of filtrate flow and release vasocontrictor substance on afferent arterioles:

Back 33

macula densa

Front 34

These cells sense NaCl in DCT and secrete vasopressor:

Back 34

macula densa

Front 35

When liver, thymus, and spleen resume their hemtopoiesis function if necessary and this may occur in diseases where bone marrow is destroyed:

Back 35

extramedullary hematopoiesis

Front 36

Multilobed nuclei: involved in inflammatory and allergic reactions

Back 36

granulocytes

Front 37

Provide powerful defense against viral, bacterial and parasitic infections. Enter tissues and become macrophages (such as Kupffer cells of liver)

Back 37

agranulocytes

Front 38

monocytes and lymphoctes are what types of cells:

Back 38

agranulocytes

Front 39

Dark colored, large quantities can cause dusky discoloration of skin resembling cyanosis and can be caused by blood exposed to various drugs and oxidizing agents (ferrous iron is converted to ferric iron)

Back 39

methemoglobin

Front 40

These are not really cells, they are fragments of cells and don't have a nucleus or organelles and have average life span of 7-8 days:

Back 40

platelets/thrombocytes

Front 41

Platelets/thrombocytes are split from these huge cells in bone marrow called:

Back 41

megakaryocytes

Front 42

What are the three phases of hemostasis:

Back 42

1) vasoconstrictive/vascular spasm, 2) platelet plug, 3) coagulation phase

Front 43

Endothelin from endothelial cells and serotonin from platelets trigger this:

Back 43

vasoconstrictive/vascular spasm phase

Front 44

These clotting factors require Vit K:

Back 44

2,7,9,10

Front 45

The extrinsic pathway of the blood clotting cascade requires:

Back 45

tissue factor, TF (thromboplastin (factor III)) and this is activated by factor VII

Front 46

This inhbits thrombin:

Back 46

heparin

Front 47

This interferes with the action of Vit K in coagulation:

Back 47

coumadin/dicumarol/warfarin

Front 48

Prevents platelets from sticking together:

Back 48

aspirin

Front 49

Bind up Ca and used for collected blood:

Back 49

Citrate/Oxalate

Front 50

Damage to brain in infants caused by elevated levels of biliruin (can be a result of Rh incompatibility and causes hemolysis of fetal RBCs)

Back 50

kernicterus

Front 51

What is this lipid: dipalmitoylphosphatidy-choline (DPPC)

Back 51

makes up the pulmonary surfactant

Front 52

What occurs if ventilation in alveolus is reduced relative to perfusion:

Back 52

pO2 in alveolus falls and CO2 rises

Front 53

What occurs if perfusion is reduced relative to ventilation:

Back 53

alveolar pCO2 falls

Front 54

what occurs if ventilation decreases:

Back 54

pO2 decreases (less O2 delivered)

Front 55

what occurs if perfusion decreases:

Back 55

pCO2 decreases (less CO2 delivered and O2 rises because less enters blood)

Front 56

this makes up 1/3 of tidal volume:

Back 56

anatomical dead space

Front 57

this is the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume:

Back 57

vital capacity

Front 58

What does increased pCO2 do to CO2 binding to Hb:

Back 58

decreases it (it increases unloading)

Front 59

What does increased pO2 do to O2 binding to Hb

Back 59

increases it

Front 60

Which way does lower ph shift the oxy-Hb curve:

Back 60

to the right

Front 61

high CO2, low pH, and increased temps encourage:

Back 61

O2 unloading

Front 62

complete deprivation of O2

Back 62

anoxia

Front 63

low pO2

Back 63

apoxemia

Front 64

70% of CO2 is transported as:

Back 64

bicarbonate ions

Front 65

In internal respiration, hypertonic plasma can occur if too many bicarbs leave, this is counterbalanced by:

Back 65

chloride shift

Front 66

Its major function is to control the basic rhythm of breathing:

Back 66

medullary rhythmicity center

Front 67

the medullary rhythmicity center contains what major collection of neurons:

Back 67

dorsal respiratory group

Front 68

This enfluences the dorsal respiratory group to increase respiratory rate and decrease depth of breathing:

Back 68

pneumotaxic center

Front 69

This enfluences the dorsal respiratory groups to decrease RR and increase depth of breathing:

Back 69

apneustic center

Front 70

CO2 in converted to H via this enzyme:

Back 70

carbonic anhydrase

Front 71

What influences the primary drive to breath:

Back 71

elevation of CO2 levels

Front 72

Severe exercise, exposure to cold and loss of carbohydrates (vomiting) can result in this being present in urine:

Back 72

ketones

Front 73

The most common cause of finding this is the uring is a bacterial infection

Back 73

leukocytes esterase

Front 74

this test can identify many UTIs

Back 74

nitrite

Front 75

this is normally found in the urine in low concentrations and high levels can indicate hepatitis and cirrhosis and low levels can indicate hepatic or biliary obstruction

Back 75

urobilinogen