Physiology Exam #4

Front 1

can be determined from a hematocrit
HCT= (volume of RBC/volume of sample) x 100

Back 1

blood composition

Front 2

55% non living fluid portion in blood

Back 2

plasma

Front 3

What are the 2 formed elements in blood?

Back 3

erythrocytes & leukocytes

Front 4

bioconcave disks, lack a nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes, very flexible, large surface area

Back 4

red blood cells

Front 5

What is the function of RBCs?

Back 5

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Front 6

RBCs contain...

Back 6

hemoglobin

Front 7

Each hemoglobin contains ________ globin and ________ heme groups which gives the RBC its red color and the blood its color.

Back 7

4 & 4

Front 8

in hemoglobin where O2 molecule binds

Back 8

heme

Front 9

in hemoglobin where carbon dioxide binds to amino acids within the polypeptides

Back 9

globins

Front 10

an enzyme critical to the transport of gases

Back 10

carbonic anhydrase

Front 11

How are RBCs produced?

Back 11

erythropoiesis

Front 12

What are the 3 chemicals needed for production of RBCs?

Back 12

erythropoietin, iron, folic acid & vitamin B12

Front 13

decrease in oxygen carrying capacity of the blood; can be due to decrease in RBC number, a decrease in Hbg, or a misshaped Hbg

Back 13

anemias

Front 14

type of anemia that leads to decreased Hbg production and small RBCs

Back 14

iron deficiency anemia

Front 15

type of anemia that lacks B12, leads to big RBCs and lower numbers

Back 15

pernicious anemia

Front 16

Hemorrhagic anemia is due to...

Back 16

loss of blood

Front 17

Hemolytic anemia is due to...

Back 17

destruction of RBCs normally caused by a parasite

Front 18

Sickle cell anemia is due to...

Back 18

a misshaped hemoglobin

Front 19

After __________ days RBCs are destroyed by cells in the _______ & _________

Back 19

120; spleen and liver

Front 20

heme group minus the iron; put into plasma where it goes to the liver; type of destruction

Back 20

bilirubin

Front 21

type of destruction; transported bound to transferrin to the bone marrow or to the liver where it is stored bound to ferritin

Back 21

iron

Front 22

found in the blood stream & tissues due to diapedesis through capillary walls; nucleated with normal organelles

Back 22

leukocytes WBCs

Front 23

What are the two types of WBCs

Back 23

granulocytes and agranulocytes

Front 24

contain prominently stained granules in the cytoplasm

Back 24

granulocytes

Front 25

have red-staining granules; the granules contain toxic chemicals that can be discharged to destroy parasites

Back 25

eosinophils

Front 26

have bluish-staining granules; contain histamine and heparin; release chemicals in response to tissue injury

Back 26

basophils

Front 27

granules pick up both red and blue stains; phagocytes; active in acute infections

Back 27

neutrophils

Front 28

lack definitely staining granules in their cytoplasm

Back 28

agranulocytes

Front 29

largest WBC; phagocyte of bacteria during chronic infections

Back 29

monocytes

Front 30

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

Back 30

T-cells and B-cells

Front 31

can release toxic chemicals to destroy foreign entities

Back 31

T-cells

Front 32

when activated, they differentiate into plasma cells and make antibodies

Back 32

B-cells

Front 33

cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytic in the bone marrow; involved in homeostasis and blood stopage

Back 33

platelets

Front 34

What is the First stage of homeostasis?

Back 34

vascular spasm- with blood vessel injury, vessels vasoconstrictor and with sympathetic stimulation there is more vasoconstriction

Front 35

Explain the second stage of hemostasis?

Back 35

Platelet plug- blood vessel is torn and collagen in the wall is exposed; vWf is released; platelets attach to the vWf; release chemicals

Front 36

serotonin and epinephrine increase...

Back 36

epinephrine

Front 37

ADP and thromboxane increase...

Back 37

platelet aggregation

Front 38

PF3 is needed for...

Back 38

a blood clot to form

Front 39

There are _______ blood clotting factors present in blood, represented by a Roman numeral, and made by the ________.

Back 39

13; liver

Front 40

INTRINSIC: Factor XII is activated due to contact with collagen in the blood vessel wall --> _____ is activated --> IX is activated, along with VIII, calcium and PF3 --> ____ is activated --> thrombin (II) is activated --> fibrin is formed --> stabilized by ____

Back 40

XI, X, XIII

Front 41

EXTRINSIC: Tissue factor (III), calcium and VII --> along with VIII, ________ & ________ --> X is activated --> thrombin (II) is activated --> ________ is formed --> stabilized by XIII.

Back 41

calcium and PF3; fibrin

Front 42

After the blood vessel has healed, in order to remove the clot, the endothelial cells release...

Back 42

tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)

Front 43

TPA convers plasminogen to...

Back 43

plasmin

Front 44

the liver lacks the genes needed to make a clotting factor

Back 44

hemophilias

Front 45

Hemophilia A

Back 45

lack of VIII

Front 46

hemophilia B

Back 46

lack of IX

Front 47

hemophilia C

Back 47

lack of XI

Front 48

The WBCs live in ___________ such as bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, appendix, and tonsils.

Back 48

lymphoid tissues

Front 49

cells that engulf foreign substances and microorganisms

Back 49

phagocytes

Front 50

particularly important in combating bacterial infections; acute infections

Back 50

neutrophils

Front 51

blood phagocytes; chronic infections

Back 51

monocytes

Front 52

monocytes which migrate out of the blood into the tissues & differentiate

Back 52

macrophages

Front 53

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

Back 53

B-cells, T-cells, and Null cells

Front 54

mature in the bone marrow and then are sent out to the other lymphoid tissues; contact antigens and develop into plasma cells and secrete antibodies= immunoglobins

Back 54

B-cells

Front 55

mature in the thymus gland; when they contact infected cells, mutant cells, and transplanted cells they develop into cytotoxic t-cells which secrete chemicals to cause lysis of the infected cells

Back 55

t-cells

Front 56

large lymphocytes; which typically destroy virus-infected cells

Back 56

null cells

Front 57

Name two first lines of defense.

Back 57

skin & mucous membranes

Front 58

thick barrier which consists of keratin; glands secrete sebum which is bacteriocidal

Back 58

skin

Front 59

traps antigens

Back 59

mucous membranes

Front 60

Inflammation is a _________ line of defense.

Back 60

second

Front 61

What are the 5 steps of inflammation?

Back 61

macrophages engulf debris and foreign matter
dilation and increased permeability of capillaries
containment of foreign matter
leukocyte migration
continued phagocytosis

Front 62

second line of defense; chemicals released from viral-infected cells, T-cells, and null cells

Back 62

interferons

Front 63

group of 30 inactive proteins made by the liver; bind directly to bacterium or to an antibody bound to bacterium

Back 63

complement

Front 64

Humoral Immunity is generated by...

Back 64

B-cells (lymphocytes)

Front 65

When an antigen enters the body, it can bind to a _____________. When it does, the cell releases ____________, which causes proliferation.

Back 65

helper T cell; interleukin 2

Front 66

What happens if the antigen is on the surface of a bacteria and the B cell binds to it?

Back 66

proliferation

Front 67

When the B-cells proliferate, two populations may develop ___________, which secrete antibodies and/or memory B cells.

Back 67

plasma cells

Front 68

typical one is Y-shaped molecule consisting of 4 proteins; one end is constant and the other ends are variable (antigen binding sites)

Back 68

antibody

Front 69

Antibodies are embedded in the _________ membrane.

Back 69

B-cell

Front 70

When antibodies bind with antigens, the B-cell undergoes ____________ into plasma cells.

Back 70

differentiation

Front 71

the antibodies coat an antigen so it can't contact our cells

Back 71

neutralization

Front 72

a "clumping" of antigens

Back 72

agglutination

Front 73

"roughens" the surface of an antigen and makes it easier to phagocytose

Back 73

opsonization

Front 74

antigens bound to pathogens, stimulate the complement cascade resulting in lysis of the cell

Back 74

complement activation

Front 75

abnormal body cells that are bound by antibodies are recognized by NK cells and are lysed

Back 75

enhanced NK cell activity

Front 76

active production of antibodies due to exposure to an antigen; exposure could be natural or artificial

Back 76

active immunity

Front 77

administration of antibodies b/c no antigens are being introduced, no memory B-cells are produced

Back 77

passive immunity

Front 78

these molecules are found on the surface of ALL nucleated body cells

Back 78

class 1 MHC

Front 79

these molecules are found on the surface of macrophages and activated B cells

Back 79

Class 2 MHC

Front 80

all T-cells have receptors linked to CD surface antigens

Back 80

TCRs

Front 81

have a TCR that only recognizes Class 2 MHC molecules; the CD protein is classified as CD4; found on macrophages

Back 81

helper T-cells

Front 82

these cells have a TCR that only recognizes class 1 MHC molecules; found on all nucleated body cells; have a TCR that only recognizes

Back 82

cytotoxic T-cells

Front 83

Macrophages phagocytose antigens. A portion of the Ag is attached to the _____________ molecule and sent to the cell membrane.

Back 83

Class 2 MHC

Front 84

The macrophage "presents" it to the ____________ and at the same time releases ____________.

Back 84

helper T cell; IL 1

Front 85

There is helper T-cell proliferation. Numerous _____________ are generated along with _______________.

Back 85

memory helper T-cells; IL 2 secreting helper T-cells

Front 86

The IL 2 can activate B-cells and activate _____________.

Back 86

cytotoxic T-cells

Front 87

The cytotoxic T-cells can also be activated by the binding of its TCR and CD* protein to a ____________.

Back 87

class 1 MHC

Front 88

In infected body cells or tumor cells, abnormal antigens are produced. The antigens bind to the ____________ molecule and are inserted into the cell membrane.

Back 88

Class 1 MHC

Front 89

If a cytotoxic T-cell binds to an infected cell and if it receives stimulation by IL2, it will release ____________ & ____________.

Back 89

perforins and fragmentis

Front 90

warms, filters, and humidifies the air due to the mucus-secreting cells and ciliated cells

Back 90

conducting zone

Front 91

voicebox; composed primarily of cartilage to hold the airway open; vocal cords and epiglottis

Back 91

larynx

Front 92

windpipe; contains 15-20 C-shaped cartilages

Back 92

trachea

Front 93

these enter the lungs; contain rings of cartilage; ciliated and goblet cells

Back 93

left and right primary bronchi

Front 94

these contain plates of cartilage

Back 94

secondary bronchi

Front 95

no cartilage; primarily smooth muscle in the wall; maximum constriction and dilation occurs here; regulates how much air gets through

Back 95

bronchioles

Front 96

end of conducting zone

Back 96

terminal bronchiole

Front 97

When air leaves the terminal bronchiole, it passes into the…..

Back 97

respiratory bronchiole

Front 98

After the respiratory bronchiole air goes to..

Back 98

the alveolar duct

Front 99

After the alveolar duct, air goes to...

Back 99

the alveoli organized into alveolar sacs

Front 100

What are the alveoli walls made up of?

Back 100

type 1 alveolar cells

Front 101

the combination of simple squamous endothelial cells and lung capillaries

Back 101

respiratory membrane

Front 102

Air always flows from an area of ______ pressure to an area of ______ pressure.

Back 102

high; low

Front 103

at rest, it is equal to the atmospheric pressure; sometimes it is listed as 0 mmHg; it will drop during inspiration and rise during expiration

Back 103

intra-alveolar pressure

Front 104

it is the pressure in the fluid filled space between the two pleural tissues associated with the lung; at rest it is 756 mmHg; sometimes it is listed as -4 mmHg

Back 104

intrapleural pressure

Front 105

the difference between the intra-alveolar pressure and the intrapleural pressure = 4 mmHg

Back 105

transpulmonary pressure

Front 106

What is Boyle's Law?

Back 106

for a given quantity of any gas in an airtight container, the pressure is inversely related to the volume; if the volume of a container increases, the pressure decreases

Front 107

During a quiet, non forced inspiration, the ____________ contracts to elongate the chest cavity and the external intercostals contract to increase the width of the chest cavity.

Back 107

diaphragm

Front 108

What happens as a result of inspiration?

Back 108

intrapleural pressure drops, transpulmonary pressure increases, and intra-alveolar pressure drops

Front 109

During a quite expiration, as the muscles relax, there is __________, which causes the volume of the lungs to decrease.

Back 109

elastic recoil

Front 110

Dalton found that in any mixture of gases, the pressure extorted by any individual gas is ________________ to its concentration in the mixture.

Back 110

directly proportional

Front 111

What 3 gases makes up the atmospheric pressure of air?

Back 111

nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide

Front 112

What did Henry discover?

Back 112

gases vary in their solubility

Front 113

Which gas has the least solubility?

Back 113

nitrogen

Front 114

Which gas is the most soluble?

Back 114

carbon dioxide

Front 115

How does gas exchange occur?

Back 115

deoxygenated blood reaches the lungs and flows over the surface of the alveoli

Front 116

When the blood leaves the lungs and returns to the heart, the pressure of carbon dioxide is __________ and the pressure of oxygen is _________.

Back 116

40mmHg; 100mmHg

Front 117

________ is dissolved in the plasma during oxygen transport.

Back 117

1.5%

Front 118

_______ is bound to the hemoglobin during oxygen transport.

Back 118

98.5%

Front 119

In venous blood, the pressure of oxygen is _________, which allows for a 75% saturation of the hemoglobin.

Back 119

40mmHg

Front 120

In arterial blood, the pressure of oxygen is _________, which allows for a 75% saturation of the hemoglobin.

Back 120

100mmHg

Front 121

________ bound reversibly to hemoglobin during carbon dioxide transport.

Back 121

7.2%

Front 122

_______ is dissolved in the plasma during carbon dioxide transport.

Back 122

5.8%

Front 123

_______ is dissolved in the plasma as bicarbonate ions during carbon dioxide transport.

Back 123

87.0%

Front 124

When the blood leaves tissues and returns to the heart, the pressure of oxygen is _________ and the pressure of carbon dioxide is ________.

Back 124

40mmHg; 46mmHg